小麦地方品种抗条锈病温敏基因的发掘及抗病机制的研究

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has been an important disease of wheat for centuries. The wheat production and food security are at risk to its epidemics. The major strategy for disease control is the deployment of wheat resistant cultivars.The utility of temperature sensitive resistance genes which considered as durable resistance can postpone wheat from easily losing resistance such as the major resistant gene. Wheat landraces contain rich resources of temperature sensitive resistance genes to stripe rust. It is an important significance to excavate temperature sensitive resistance gene and broaden the genetic basis of resistance on the cultivation of durable and stable resistance varieties to wheat stripe rust. In this project, 20-30 excellent agronomic traits landraces with the temperature sensitive resistance genes at seedling and adult stage are going to be explored through screening from 1000 wheat landraces. Furthermore, genetics of temperature sensitive resistance to stripe rust will be analyzed in 8 temperature sensitive at seedling and 4 high temperature adult plant resistance landraces. Still, 3-4 temperature sensitive resistance genes or 5-6 quantitatve trait loci (QTL) will be located and named. The gene clusters involved in the temperature sensitive resistance to wheat stripe rust and the close linkage molecular markers would be hopefully found as well. The expecting results will help to elucidate the mechanism of temperature sensitive resistance in postpone wheat from easily losing resistance.

小麦条锈病是制约小麦生产和粮食安全的主要因素。小麦抗条锈病温敏基因的持久抗病性特点弥补了主效基因抗病性易丧失的不足。小麦地方品种蕴含丰富的抗条锈病温敏基因，发掘抗条锈病温敏基因，明确其抗病性遗传机制，对培育小麦抗条锈病稳定持久化品种具有重要意义。本研究对1000份小麦地方品种进行鉴定和筛选,发掘具有抗条锈病苗期和成株期温敏抗病性且农艺性状优异的小麦地方品种各20-30份,完成8个苗期温敏抗病性和4个成株期高温抗病性小麦地方品种的抗条锈病温敏基因解析；标记定位抗病温敏新基因3-4个或新数量性状位点(QTL) 5-6个,寻找温敏抗条锈病相关基因片段或基因簇，并获得与其紧密联锁的分子标记。研究结果将对深入全面阐明温敏抗病性在延缓小麦抗性丧失中的作用奠定基础。

小麦条锈病是小麦上的主要病害之一，严重威胁小麦的产量。而我国是小麦条锈病发病区域最广的国家。防治小麦条锈病至关重要，其中利用小麦抗病品种是最有效、安全的方法。小麦全生育期抗病基因和成株抗病基因一直是利用的重点，温敏性抗病基因作为小麦抗条锈病的重要组分，其作用不容忽视。本研究对1045份小麦品种进行了抗条锈性鉴定，明确了抗病品种的抗病类型，对老红麦等10个品种的抗条锈病遗传分析；对小麦品种偃师009等抗病基因进行研究，发掘定位了3个抗条锈性基因Yrys, YrZM, YrSD和3个QTLs位点，获得了与其紧密连锁的分子标记；设计了基于Android平台的小麦条锈病图像采集系统；初步建立了快速分析抗病基因情况的程序；部分研究结果已在期刊上发表，部分结果仍在继续深入研究中。研究结果对利用小麦温敏抗性奠定了基础。在项目的资助下，共计发表8篇文章和3篇会议提要；培养学生6名，已毕业4名。