游观体验视角下的明清江南园林假山景境营造研究

The artificial rockery in Jiangnan Gardens of Ming and Qing is the outstanding embodiment of traditional Chinese garden art, however, the existing scholarship mainly pays attention to its visual form as an external object, neglecting the tourist’s dynamic experience which is more important. Combining “jing” (scenery) which is the direct appreciation object and “jìng” (place) which synthesizes the tourist’s experience into an integral whole of “scenery-place”, this project is to study the scenery-place making of artificial rockery in Jiangnan gardens of Ming and Qing in depth, mainly in perspective of touring experience. The study is not just about the rockery itself, but also including a larger outer area which is closely related with the rockery touring experience so that the understanding can be more complete. With studying the cases of both historical material and existing heritage, using the qualitative research methods including narrative analyzing, pictorial expressing, abstract diagram, etc., this project also introduces the quantitative research methods, utilizing computer technologies to analyze the various data collecting from measuring and statistics. With understanding the method and mechanism of touring experience shaping through construction from studying of key cases and sub-item themes, the project is to go on summarizing the design principles, construction patterns and evaluation methodology, providing the deep understanding of scenery-place making of rockeries of Jiangnan Gardens in Ming and Qing, as well as a significant supporting tool for contemporary practices.

明清江南园林假山是中国传统园林营造技艺的杰出体现，然而已有的假山造景研究中主要就其视觉形态作外在对象式关注，对其中更重要的游人动态体验尚未深入探讨。本项目将作为直接欣赏对象的“景”与综合游人体验感知的“境”结合为“景境”来一体考虑，以游观体验为主要视角，对明清江南园林假山的景境营造作深入的探究。研究不仅针对假山本体，也纳入与假山体验密切相关的外部营造问题，使对假山景境营造的认识更为全面。研究结合文献案例研究与实地案例调查，除了采用叙述分析、直观图示、抽象图解等手段进行定性研究，还尝试引入定量研究，采集各类测量数据和统计数据，运用计算机技术进行分析。在结合重点案例研究与分项专题研究，有效认识景境营造形成游观体验效果的方法机制的基础上，进一步总结出明清江南园林假山景境营造的原则、模式及评价方法，在对营造规律得到深入理解的同时，也为当代设计实践提供有效的历史理论支撑。

明清江南园林假山是中国传统园林营造的杰出体现，然而以游观体验为重要视角对其中假山景境及技艺的营造尚待深入研究。本项目首先考察园林假山营造研究的当代学术情境，重点对童寯、刘敦桢、陈从周等关键学者的相关研究情况加以深入分析，获得充分的相关学术史语境认知。其次对明清江南园林假山景境营造的观念与理论进行重点研究，深入分析假山营造中的一些重要概念和理论，如“景”与“境”、“法”与“式”、“人巧”与“天然”、“静”与“观”等，并在历史语境中展开细致探讨，得到一系列新的理解，是对中国园林历史理论的重要推进。与此同时，展开对明清江南园林假山景境营造的实践案例的具体探讨，结合文献案例研究与实地案例调查，结合多样的研究方法，考察分析了庞大数量的明清江南园林假山的文献及遗存案例，并通过几个尤为典型的例子加以总括和突显，如明代的弇山园、明末清初的乐郊园、清代的寄畅园等，达到对具体假山景境营造特征的深入总结。最后，针对明清江南园林假山景境营造的具体技艺与当代传承，对明清重要叠山匠师的营造技艺作了深入考察和讨论，尤其是历史上最著名的造园家张南垣、以及其后的一些重要匠师，并且一直延续至当代，对以方惠为代表的当代叠山技艺进行深入探究，尤其是获得其中营造的原则、规律、方法的认知，完成从历史研究到当代现实中假山营造传承的理解。从而，从作为基础的研究语境，到作为主体的历史理论与实践案例，再到对当代现实的具体意义，形成了完整的研究体系和认知框架。