川金丝猴全雄群(AMU)的组织结构和功能的研究

Whereas one of the most important properties that primates distinguished to other mammals is they are living in stable and individualized social groups. Studies on how primates adjust their social organization to avoid inbreeding, allocate resources rationally, format reciprocal cooperation, and against predators, could greatly improve our understanding that how population increase their fitness to adapt environment change in evolution. Golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) inhabit in cold-temperate montane forest, which characteristic with high large multi-level society. The troop composed by breeding band and all male group (AMU) as two of major components with more than 100-300 individuals. The breeding band composed by combination of several polygynous one-male units. Hence, the male that been defeated during sexual competition concentrated in AMU and confront with each other. This complex social system shown a rarely feature compare to other primate taxon. Because of AMU used to forage independently among steep slopes and shy to humans, recent study mainly focused on the forms of social dynamics and female transfer within breeding band. The knowledge related to composition and affiliation of individuals within AMU are still lacking. Based on the long term observation with close distance, this project aim to investigate the social organization in an AMU of Golden snub-nosed monkey in Qinling Mountains. On one hand, we intent to collect behavioral data on grooming, huddling, spatial proximity, for the affiliation relationship measuring which conducted with individual RFID permanent marker technique and GPS collar tracking; as well as dominant-subordinate matrix analysis to clarify linear hierarchy between individuals. On the other hand, combining with genetic kinship analysis, we propose to estimate the process of social network formation; to reveal the mode that internal dynamics to maintain AMU steady; and fission-fusion mechanism between breeding band and AMUs. Based on summarization above, we discuss the social function of AMU and how Golden snub-nosed monkey enhance their fitness to adapt mountains environment by regulate social organization items. The study results will provide theoretical guidance in conservation aspect for this high endangered species.

灵长类在辐射进化中，通过调节社会组织，从而形成稳定的联属关系，共同抵御天敌，互惠合作，合理分配资源，保持遗传多样性，是其自身适应不同环境，提高种群适合度的重要手段。川金丝猴栖息在寒温带山地森林生态系统中，形成独特而复杂的重层社会，在灵长类中是十分罕见的。其社群包括繁殖群和全雄群（AMU）两大组成部分，由于野外观察的困难，目前的研究多集中在繁殖群的组织形式方面，而对全雄群的支配从属关系和社会功能知之甚少。本项目在RFID永久性标记的基础上，通过对个体理毛、团抱、空间近距、攻击屈服行为的量化分析，阐明全雄群内部等级和支配从属关系；结合遗传学亲缘分析，探讨基于谱系形成的社会联盟网络，揭示川金丝猴全雄群构成的模式及维持其稳定的内在动力；并通过GPS项圈跟踪，了解全雄群同繁殖群的潜在联系与分离聚合轨迹。回答川金丝猴利用社会组织调节，应答环境变化的机制，促进灵长类社会系统进化相关理论的完善和发展。

相对于大多数哺乳类动物，只有包括早期人类在内的少部分灵长类，进化出了重层社会结构，这一社会结构是由繁殖群和全雄群共同构成的，其中包含了数百个成员。虽然灵长类的重层社会对理解人类社会的起源具有重要的意义，但是现有的研究仅仅局限于非洲狒狒类的社会系统研究中，并且揭示了他的重层社会是由较大的雌性或者雄性群体由内部分裂演化而来。结合社会网络、卫星遥感和遗传学调查的分析，本项目对全雄群内单身雄性之间的社会联署、合作及容忍行为进行了研究，明确了在川金丝猴中是如何形成并维持一个较大的全雄群。利用高阶偏Mantel的数学模型，我们发现当单身雄性靠近繁殖群时他们会形成一个联盟合作，同时证明了亲缘关系是促进全雄群形成最重要的因素，其次是年龄和等级地位。通过研究结果，本项目提出在全雄群和繁殖群之间存在博弈竞争，繁殖群的主雄会联合起来抵御单身雄性对其地位的篡夺，单身雄性同时会聚合成群抵御攻击并寻求繁殖机会。这种博弈竞争促进了金丝猴的重层社会由小的孤立的家庭单元，聚合形成大群的进化过程，同时由于这一雄性之间的联合特征类似于人类社会，为更好的理解人类社会的演化形成提供了理论依据。