光场的超衍射、超聚束效应及其应用

Light is of wave-particle duality. The light diffraction effect demonstrates the wave property of light, while the light bunching effect is a characteristic of particle property of light. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate comprehensively the diffraction effect and the bunching effect of light in the view point of wave-particle duality with a purpose to break through the limitation of classical light and to generate light fields with super-diffraction effect or super-bunching effect. This will greatly improve the spatial resolution of optical precision measurement, fabrication and imaging, and improve the ability to control the light-matter interaction. In this project, we will investigate the photon-bunching management and the super-bunching effect of the discrete light fields, the design and control on the curved nondiffraction light fields with large bending angles, quantum coherent control on the super-diffraction structured light field and the control, characterization, and applications of the super-diffraction light through the coupling with plasmonics. We will design and control the phase, the amplitude, the polarization and the coherent properties of the light fields, study the coupling interaction of the light fields with the quantum coherent system, the micro/nano-structured system and the low-energy free electron beam, and therefore realize the diffraction management and the bunching management of the light fields, generate and control the novel structured light fields, curved nondiffraction light fields with large bending angles, the collapse and revival of the bunching effect of light and super-bunching effect of light fields. We will try to develop new principles, new methods and novel techniques to break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit of classical light fields, and to realize light field detection with a deep-subwavelength spatial resolution, super-resolved imaging with a spatial resolution beating the standard quantum limit of the imaging system, coherent control on the low-energy electron beam and enhancement of nonlinear light-matter interaction.

光具有波粒二象性。光的衍射体现了光的波动性，而光的聚束效应则体现了光的粒子性。因此，有必要从光的波粒二象性出发，全面考察光场的衍射效应和聚束效应，突破传统光学极限，产生具有超衍射效应、超聚束效应的特殊光场，必将极大地提高光学精密测量、加工和成像的空间分辨率，提高人们调控光场与物质相互作用的能力。本项目主要研究离散结构光场的光子聚束管理与超聚束效应、大角度弯曲传输的无衍射光场的设计与调控、超衍射结构光场的量子相干调控及其应用和超衍射结构光场的等离激元耦合调控、表征及其应用等四个方面的内容，设计并调控光场的位相、振幅、偏振以及相干性，利用光与量子相干体系、微纳结构体系、自由电子束等的耦合相互作用，实现光场的衍射管理和聚束管理，产生并调控新型结构光场、大角度弯曲传输的无衍射光场、光场聚束效应的坍塌和复活、超聚束效应等新效应和新现象，发展突破传统光学衍射极限的新原理、新方法和新技术，实现具有深亚波长尺度的超高精度光场探测、突破成像系统标准量子极限的超分辨成像、低能电子束的相干调控以及光与物质非线性相互作用的增强等应用。

具有超衍射效应或超聚束效应的光场，能够突破传统光学衍射极限，增强光与物质的相互作用。本项目主要通过调控光场本身的参量、光场与物质的相互作用与耦合等多种途径，发展能够产生具有超衍射效应或超聚束效应的光场的新原理、新方法和新技术，实现对光场的衍射效应和光子聚束效应的调控；探索新式光场相干调控技术与原理，产生大角度弯曲传输光场、手性光场与拓扑光场等新型光场或光学态；研究近场倏逝光场的超分辨探测技术，探索增强光与物质相互作用的新机制，实现突破瑞利衍射极限的超分辨干涉、超分辨成像和加工、微纳粒子的多维度精密操控等应用。. 在项目执行期间，发展了一系列新颖的光场调控技术，实现了对光场的衍射、聚束等效应和手性、偏振、角动量等参量的调控，实现了光场的拓扑荷等与自由电子、微纳结构等之间的转移和交换，实现对微纳结构体系和光学态的非线性调控。取得的主要成果有：（1）基于波前相位调控技术，获得超聚束光场，其中双光子聚束峰值超过30，三光子聚束峰值超过2000，实现具有海森堡空间分辨率极限的二阶关联成像。（2）实现大角度弯曲无衍射光场的设计与制备，弯曲角度可达90度，实现粒子沿可控弯曲路径的输运，提出利用光场形貌映射非线性响应的方法与技术。（3）提出基于自由电子与手性倏逝场相互作用过程中的角动量转移产生涡旋电子束的方案，并为实验所验证；实现等离激元模式的深亚波长超分辨成像探测，空间分辨率可达10-20 nm。（4）构建铌酸锂/手性结构等超构表面和拓扑光子晶格体系，实现对光场色散、偏振、拓扑荷、拓扑态以及非线性作用等的有效调控；首次构建非厄米拓扑光子晶格体系，实现非线性对宇称时间对称性与非厄米拓扑态的调控。. 本项目执行期间在Science、Phys. Rev. Lett.、Light: Sci. Appl.、Laser Photon. Rev.、Nat. Commun.、Nano Lett.和Adv. Mater.等学术期刊上共发表论文90余篇，会议主题/邀请报告30余人次。培养博士12名，硕士15名。