新型高效染料敏化太阳能电池准固态电解质研究

As a new type of photoelectric device, dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) is considered as an alternative to silicon solar cells. In order to commercialize the DSC successfully, the problem of the electrolyte must be resolved. Quasi-solid-state electrolyte can not only obtain the high efficiency, but also overcome the disadvantages of liquid electrolyte, such as the volatile nature and leakage of the organic solvents. However, the low conductivity of charge in the quasi-solid-state electrolyte affects the conversion efficiency of the cell. To solve this problem, in this work, the polymers with high conductivity were applied to quasi-solid-state electrolyte of DSC with the aim of obtaining high-efficient and stable DSC. Furthermore, the modifications of the conductive polymers were also studied, such as the copolymerization, synthesis of the composite with inorganic nanoparticals. The devices were optimized and the photoelectrichemical properties were systematically investigated. The effects of the structures of polymers on the efficiencies of devices were studied and the relationship between them was revealed. This work should have some theoretical and practical implications for improving the photovoltaic performance of quasi-solid-state DSCs.

染料敏化太阳能电池被认为是可取代传统硅太阳能电池的新一代太阳能电池。要实现其产业化，必须解决电解质长期稳定性这一瓶颈问题。准固态电解质不仅具有高的光电转换效率,且可克服液态电解质的泄漏难题, 延长电池寿命，但目前仍存在导电率较低及光电转换效率需进一步提高等制约因素。为解决这些关键问题，申请者以开发具有高导电率的新型高效聚合物为切入点，构建高效稳定的准固态染料敏化太阳能电池。本项目拟设计合成具有高导电率的聚合物，并与其它聚合物共聚以改善聚合物性能，结合新型无机纳米粒子，应用于染料敏化太阳能电池准固态电解质，对其进行系统研究和优化。同时研究不同聚合物骨架结构对所构建器件光电性能的影响，揭示聚合物结构和器件光电转换效率之间的关系，为构建高效稳定的准固态电解质提供理论依据和应用基础。

染料敏化太阳能电池作为富有竞争力的新一代太阳能电池，目前存在电解质长期稳定性差这一产业化瓶颈问题。准固态电解质可改善液态电解质的泄漏问题, 延长电池寿命，但仍存在导电率低及效率需提高等制约因素。为解决这些问题，本项目以开发导电改性共聚物为切入点，构建高效稳定的准固态电解质体系并进行相关拓展研究。通过系统机理研究揭示不同准固态电解质与器件性能之间的关系。相关结果如下：.1）合成了改性共聚物PANI-PMMA并构建准固态电解质，获得了较好的光电性能及长期稳定性，其光电转换效率（7.67%）远高于任一共聚物单组分（PANI为5.83%，PMMA为6.11%）及传统液态电解质。从内部机理上揭示了此种PANI-PMMA准固态电解质获得优异光电性能的原因。.2）成功开发了以PPy为核PMMA为壳的核壳改性共聚物PPy-PMMA并构建准固态电解质，获得了较好的光电性能及长期稳定性，其转换效率（8.54%）远高于任一共聚物单组分（PPy为7.36%，PMMA为6.46%）及传统液态电解液。从内部机理上揭示了此种壳核PPy-PMMA电解质获得优异光电性能的原因。.3）为提升研究高度，探索了一种新型离子液体金属络合物绿色合成技术并构建准固态电解质。无添加剂情况下获得了远高于络合前离子液体电解质的转换效率6.99%（提高了69.2%），充分证明此种电解质的优越性。进行系统机理研究且证实其具有优异的长期稳定性。.4）进行拓展研究，合成了十种不同金属中心的离子液体金属络合物并构建电解质体系，相比无络合的离子液体电解质均展示了优异的光电性能。无优化条件下获得了最高6.38%的转换效率，和传统液态电解质相当。机理研究表明：高的导电率、氧化还原电对扩散速率、抑制电子复合是获得高转换效率的主要原因。此类络合物具有组成简单、合成绿色、光电转换效率高等优点。.5)探索了与准固态电解质相匹配的对电极，开发了一种简单成本低的原位合成技术，得到多种特殊形貌三维多级结构金属氧化物及复合物。其三维孔道及多级结构有利于电解质扩散和电子传输，有望在光电领域获得良好应用。目前初步证实具有特殊形貌的三维多级复合结构可有效提高其催化性能。 .相关研究结果充分证实了所开发的导电改性PANI-PMMA及核壳PPy-PMMA复合电解质、新型离子液体金属络合物电解质的优越性，为构建高效稳定的准固态电解质提供了理论依据和应用基础。