环境噪声对儿童影响及相应修复性环境的实验研究

With the increasing of noise problem, research of noise effects on community becomes an important component of environment noise study and provides theoretic basis for noise policy and noise control. However, in the most studies on community response to noise, research subjects are adults and few studies focuses on children. In this study, systematic laboratory experiments will be carried out to clarify adverse effects of environment noise on children's cognitive process such as perception, attention, memory, reading and thinking, and non-cognitive status such as emotion and study motivation. By doing that the characteristic of noise effect on children and its varying range and tendency will be defined. Furthermore, what kind of sound and visual scene has restorative influence on adverse effects brought by environment noise to children, and its corresponding efficiency will be discussed. This study is helpful for optimizing environment design on children's activity fields rather than enriching database of noise evaluation and rationalizing noise policy. Those have theoretic and practical meaning for children's physical and psychological development because it seems impossible to control noise completely with technical method nowadays.

随着噪声问题的日益增多，噪声对人影响的研究也成为声学基础研究重要的组成部分，并且为噪声政策的制定和噪声控制的实践提供了理论依据。然而在众多研究中，研究对象主要是成年人，噪声对儿童影响的研究特别是系统的实验研究尚属空白。本课题就是通过实验室研究系统地探讨环境噪声对儿童感知觉、注意力、记忆力、阅读、思维能力等一系列认知活动和对儿童情绪、学习动机等非认知状态的影响，确定不同的噪声对儿童影响的特点、范围和趋势。在此基础上探讨什么样的听觉和视觉环境对噪声引起的危害具有修复性的作用，并验证和明确这些修复性环境的实际效果。本课题的研究不仅可以丰富噪声基础研究的数据库，为噪声政策的合理化和细分化提供理论依据，而且可以对儿童用房和活动场所的整体环境优化提出指导性建议，在无法消除噪声的今天，减弱噪声对儿童身心发展所带来的负面影响。

噪声对人影响的研究是制定合理的噪声政策和有效的噪声控制策略的基础，特别是在噪声问题不断激增的今天。然而众多的研究中研究对象主要是成年人，噪声对儿童影响的系统研究特别是实验室研究是缺乏的。. 本课题主要查明环境噪声对儿童认知过程（感知觉、注意力、记忆力、阅读、思维能力）和非认知状态（以主观烦恼度为主）的影响机制，明确对儿童认知和情绪具有修复性作用的环境特别是声环境特点，并验证和确定这些修复性环境的实际效果和影响程度。结果发现：环境噪声主要对儿童的主观烦恼度有显著影响，而对各个认知活动成绩影响相对较小，特别是对年龄较大的儿童。无论在何种噪声环境下，当声压级达到 45-50dBA 时，儿童开始出现烦恼感，并且烦恼感会随着声压级的增大而增加；对于儿童来说，音乐声、鸟叫声、喷泉声、风铃声、溪流声是最具修复性潜力的声源类型，这些声音以信噪比为5dB的方式添加在背景噪声中最易发挥修复性的潜力；对于儿童认知能力来说，喷泉声和溪流声的修复性效果是最佳的，其次是音乐声和鸟叫声。对于儿童非认知能力来说，音乐声对生理健康和情绪反应的修复性效果都是最好的。. 本课题的研究可以丰富噪声基础数据库的内容，为噪声政策的合理化和细分化提供理论依据。同时也可以对儿童用房和活动场所的整体环境优化提供指导性建议，具有较好的实践价值。