新型二次电池材料碳足迹与环境损益机制分析

Nowadays as energy storage materials are widely used, the environmental pollution of waste batteries has been concerned. To evaluate the environmental sustainability of novel secondary battery materials, the environmental cost-benefit mechanism analysis method of novel secondary battery materials is built based on carbon footprint analysis in this study. Carbon footprint is estimated by both carbon footprint calculation method of SimaPro software and the method of PAS 2050. The environmental influence during the whole life cycle of different secondary battery materials is studied through following process: raw material exploitation, material production, transportation, use, disposal or recycle, environmental pollution, ecosystem impact, human health damage, economic losses, rehabilitation or mitigation benefit. Some flora and fauna, such as daphnia magna and soybean, are chosen for toxicity tests of some environmental medium like soil and water, etc., which is supposed to be polluted by the wasted battery materials. The parameters such as LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) concentration is used to characterize the environmental risk of some certain material and its composite or elements. The damage to the ecosystem (including animals and plants) is calculated and the human health damage is estimated by suitable extrapolation method. Depending on these damages, economical losses and the benefits from pollution rehabilitation could be evaluated. A software platform for carbon footprint and environmental cost-benefit mechanism analysis is set up in this study which includes the above analytical methods. Some battery materials such as Lithium ion batteries and solar cells were chose for case study. This study can give a well support for novel green battery material manufacture.

当前各类储能材料被广泛应用，有关废旧电池的环境污染亦受到关注。为了评价新型二次电池材料的环境可持续性，尝试建立一种基于碳足迹的新型二次电池材料环境损益分析方法。采用SimaPro支持的碳足迹计算方法和PAS 2050两种体系来评估碳足迹，研究各类新型二次电池材料从"原料开发→生产→运输→使用→废弃或回收→产生污染→影响生态系统→导致人体健康损害→经济损失→修复效益"的全过程环境效应。选择大型蚤、大豆等动植物作为废弃电池污染土壤、水等介质的毒性测试物种，以其半致死浓度等参数来表征材料的环境风险，计算由此带来的对生态系统（包括动物和植物等）的损害，并通过适当的外推法来测算相应的人类健康损失，从而得到经济损失和修复污染后的效益。开发一套碳足迹和环境损益分析的软件平台，兼容上述研究方法体系，选择锂离子电池、太阳能电池等电池材料进行实例操作。本研究将为筛选新型绿色电池材料提供科学支持。

为了评价新型二次电池材料的环境可持续性，本项目尝试建立了一种基于碳足迹的新型二次电池材料环境损益分析方法。研究收集整理了若干种锂离子电池,以及镍氢电池、钠离子电池等电池材料的材料清单，基于生命周期评价原理，采用SimaPro支持的碳足迹标准核算方法计算了这些二次电池产品的碳足迹，还计算了相应二次电池生产企业的碳足迹。以二次电池的碳足迹、水足迹、生态足迹指标为环境损害类表征，综合电池的电化学性能指标和成本等经济指标，开发了一套二次电池综合评价系统，以便全面分析各类新型二次电池的市场价值优劣。建立了一套二次电池生产场地环境损害和健康风险的评价模型，并应用到典型企业，来测算相应的致癌性和非致癌性风险，从而得到人类健康损失风险。此外，我们开发了一套碳足迹和环境损益分析的软件平台，兼容上述研究方法体系，选择锂离子电池、镍氢电池、钠离子电池、太阳能电池等电池材料进行实例操作。研究结果为筛选更加绿色环保的新型二次电池材料提供了科学依据。