新型污染物PFCs对区域不同社会群体的健康风险及其应对机制

The environmental and human health risks caused by emerging pollutants have been a challenge and hot topic worldwide. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have extensive applications, which can be found everywhere in the environment. The two most studied compounds are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). PFOS was included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in May 2009 in terms of its bioaccumulative, persistent, long-distance transmission, and widely distributed features.It is of great scientific significance to study the pollution features of PFCs and effects of human exposure through residents' dietary, and to evaluate the health risks of PFCs exposure, and it is also value added for PFCs emission abatement and control and health risks prevention. The applicant's team has been engaged in ecological risk assessment and management of emerging pollutants for many years. Based on the previous studies on the relationship between PFCs emission sources and industry development in Bohai coastal region, this project is intended to conduct further analysis of the regional distribution pattern of PFCs and its effects on the residents' dietary structure and human exposure pattern. Health risks of PFCs exposure to different social groups will be simulated and analyzed. The response mechanisms of different social groups to mitigate or avoid health risks of PFCs will be investigated, and participatory approach will be presented for effective control over the environmental impacts of emerging pollutants.

新型污染物对环境与人体健康的风险在全球范围内都是一个值得挑战的命题和研究热点。全氟化合物（PFCs）应用范围极为广泛，在环境中无处不在。全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）类物质因其较强的生物累积性、持久性、长距离传输及广泛分布的特点已被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》新增的POPs优控名单。研究其污染特征及通过居民饮食对人体暴露格局的影响，评价PFCs暴露的健康风险，对消减和控制PFCs排放及其健康风险具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。申请者近年来一直从事新型污染物的生态风险与管理对策研究，本研究拟在申请者前期开展的PFCs行业源排放与相关产业发展关系研究的基础上，仍以环渤海地区为案例区，深入分析区域环境中PFCs污染物分布格局及其对居民饮食和人体暴露格局的影响，模拟分析不同社会群体对PFCs暴露的健康风险，探讨不同社会群体消减或规避PFCs健康风险的应对机制，为有效控制新型污染物PFCs的环境影响提供科技支持。

本项目选择PFAAs高排放流域山东省小清河和辽宁省大凌河，开展排放源辨识。结果表明，小清河流域的PFAAs主要排放源是淄博市桓台县的氟化工园区，排放特征以PFOA为主（90%以上），最高浓度达0.97mg/L。大凌河流域PFAAs的主要排放源是阜新市的两座氟化工园区，排放特征以PFBS（最高浓度2.90µg/L）和PFBA（最高浓度1.35µg/L）为主。进一步选择桓台县的氟化工园区，研究其PFAAs排放对周边生态系统及人体健康的风险及应对机制。研究发现，氟化工园区周边地表水和地下水中PFAAs浓度处于极高水平，最高浓度分别达到1.86mg/L和273µg/L，1km范围内的地下水如作为饮用水具有显著的人体健康风险。小麦和玉米籽粒对PFAAs具有显著的富集，以PFBA为主。室内外降尘中PFAAs最高浓度分别达到13.5µg/g和9.50µg/g，污染半径至少20km，对2-5岁幼儿的健康风险较高。家养鸡蛋中PFAAs浓度显著高于商品鸡蛋，以PFBA和PFOA为主。植物性食物中土豆的PFAAs浓度最高，动物性食物中淡水鱼类的PFAAs浓度最高。同时开发了区域多介质概率风险评价（RMPERA）为特定研究区域多介质的污染物生态风险评价提供定量表征的方法。经济因素和安土重迁的特点使氟化工园区周边的居民搬离受污染村庄的意愿较低，饮食虽然是目前人体摄入PFAAs的主要途径，但是具有较高的可规避性，而大气途径可规避性低，且在儿童PFAAs摄入中占更高比例，未来应加强相关研究，为合理的政策制定提供更加全面的依据。