江户时代日本学者对《授时历》的历理分析与算法改进

From the 17th to the 19th century, the calendar reform brought about a boom in the development of astronomy and mathematics in the Sinosphere. Due to the different effect degree of western mathematical astronomy and the different social environments, there were different situations about the research and development of traditional Chinese astronomy and mathematics in the Qing Dynasty (1644～1912) in China andin the Edo period (1603～1867) in Japan.The former calendar was based on western astronomy and mathematics, the Chinese scholars focused on western learning，andJapanese calendar, astronomy and mathematics research based on the Chinese studies. There were many profound astronomical annotation books in Japanese and they were important academic resource for studying Chinese traditional astronomy. This project systematically investigates and interprets various annotation books of the Shoushi Li in the Edo Period in order to explore the models of celestial movement in the traditional Chinese calendar and its algorithm principles, analyzes Japanese scholars’ improvement workon the calculate method in the Shoushi Li in the Edo period and its scientificityfor the first time. Meanwhile, the research examine the Chinese traditionalastronomy and its influence in East Asia from the perspective of foreign sinology.

17～19 世纪，历法改革带来了汉字文化圈天文学与数学发展的繁荣局面，由于受西方数理天文学影响的程度及社会环境的不同，中国传统天文学与数学在清代（1644～1912）中国和江户时代（1603～1867）日本的研究和发展出现不同状况，前者以西法为基础制定历法，天文学和数学研究工作以西学为主，后者以中法为基础制定历法，天文学和数学研究以中法为主，丰富而深刻的天文历学注解书是研究中国传统天文历学的重要学术资源。本项目对江户时代各种《授时历》注解书进行系统调查和解读，以探讨中国传统历法中的日、月、五星运动理论及其算法原理，并首次分析江户时代日本学者对《授时历》推算方法的改进工作及其科学性，以域外汉学的视角审视中国天文学及其在东亚的影响。

《授时历》是中国古代最杰出的历法，对东亚数理科学和文化产生了深远影响，也是江户时代日本学者热衷于研究的学术领域。项目首次系统调查了日本图书馆收藏的86种《授时历》和刻本与注解书，考证其作者与流传。首次对和算家建部贤弘的《授时历术解》《授时历数解》《授时历议解》进行翻译整理与解读，认为它们是东亚古今对《授时历》研究最为全面和深刻的注解文献，这些注解不仅准确地阐释了历法计算的天文学背景与数学原理，而且对《授时历》计算方法的源流和缺陷，在其基础上改进了《授时历》的计算方法，并给出实际演算的算例。通过建部贤弘的注解，可以澄清20世纪以来中国历法研究中诸多疑惑，如推没灭术、招差法原理、白道交周方法原理、交食算法原理、五星运动模型等。项目研究成果表明，东亚传统数理天文学研究需要具有区域文化视野。