基于大小数据结合的城市居家养老生活质量与邻里环境关系研究

Ageing is a worldwide problem with fundamental impacts on all key dimensions of the modern society. Urbanization, combined with strong Chinese family values and ties, suggests that many older people in China will be living in cities. Ageing-in-place is a concept of encouraging and supporting older people to live in their familiar neighbourhood environment and at home rather than to move to special care facilities. Our previous research has suggested that improving the safety of older pedestrians positively contributes to an age-friendly community. Moreover, features of the built environment, particularly the walkability of neighbourhood areas, and social capital, including sense of community, are significant in explaining both the physical and mental health of community-dwelling seniors. Yet, the effects of neighbourhood environment on the quality of life of older people has not been fully examined. Moreover, how can big data be better integrated with various survey-based data to fulfil the aspirations of older people through various smart technologies? With the development of smart cities in China, inclusivity of the older population and making technologies relevant to them should be key priorities. The development of smart communities has huge potential in supporting ageing-in-place in Chinese cities and making the older population happier and more autonomous. This study aims to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between the neighbourhood environment and the quality of life among older people living in Hong Kong and Nanjing. First, both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be used through combining different sources of big data and survey-based data to identify and understand the activity patterns and quality of life of community-dwelling seniors. Next, based on the geographical circumstances in each city, enhancements of the built environment (such as walkability) and social capital (such as through smart communities) will be suggested. This research project contributes to the theoretical knowledge on ageing-in-place by investigating the dynamics of the neighbourhood environment, technologies, and people. In addition, it can provide practical information for policy makers to promote ageing-in-place in Chinese cities.

中国正步入老龄化社会，老年人生活质量问题对于全面实现小康社会意义重大。尽管学界已经证实了改善老年人的出行安全对创建一个友善的社区环境有益，但城市邻里环境对居家养老生活质量的整体影响尚不清楚。因此，本项目以香港和南京为例，试图研究邻里环境对居家养老的老年人生活质量影响的规律和机理。具体为：首先，采用定性和定量混合、大小数据混合的研究方法，挖掘大数据环境下老年人生活质量因子和邻里环境影响因子，分析两者的映射机制；其次，针对每一个阶段和每一个城市建构特有的邻里环境指标，验证和预测邻里环境变化将如何影响老年人生活质量变化。本研究有望阐明老年人生活质量与邻里环境因素结合而产生的时空互动过程的原理，将为我国乃至全球对居家养老措施制订以及邻里资源的合理开发利用提供科学支撑和决策服务。

中国正快速进入老龄化社会, 养老问题已经成为国民经济和社会发展中迫切需要解决的关键问题。大量研究表明，居家养老不仅有利于维持老年人的生活质量，也避免加重社会的经济负担，因此研究如何鼓励居家养老对于应对老龄化问题意义重大。本研究项目在理论上，通过构建“活动——智慧科技——建成环境——生活质量”的居家养老分析框架，深入研究活动、社区邻里环境对生活质量影响的过程，为发展老年人居家养老研究提供理论基础。在技术层面，探索基于智能手机的老年人时空活动及生活质量调查APP方法，尝试将问卷和信息通信技术结合，实现对长时间序列的时空活动、生活质量信息实时采集和可视化分析，并且探索网络数据、统计数据、社会调查数据、文本信息数据等多元时空间数据整合的城市地理研究方法。研究主要分为四项主要内容：智慧社会/城市下的居家养老发展、智慧社会/城市下的网络/实体活动及其对活动时空间影响、基于智能手机的老年人时空活动及生活质量调查、老年人活动及社区环境与生活质量关系。研究发现，老年人对于信息通信技术应用能力较弱，在未来智慧社会中需要通过促进和提升他们进行网络活动的能力，以提升生活质量。同时，老年人对社区步行设施的主观评价会影响老年人的生活满意度，老年人所居住的地方周边的公共交通设施、医疗保健设施、以及公园绿地的质量也会通过社区感间接影响老年人的生活满意度。另外，研究提出了新的“邻里公共空间”界定方法，并发现居民在邻里公共空间活动时间占整体户外活动时间的比例与社区感有很强的相关性，地方政府可重点提升邻里公共空间内部的各类设施和服务来提升老年人的社区感和生活质量。