对领导的上行去人性化：方式、类型、原因与结果

The Chinese tend to sanctify their leaders because of their high power distance culture. Sanctification is a form of upward dehumanization. In this program, we distinguished upward dehumanization (sanctification) from downward dehumanization (animalization and mechanization), and closely examined the phenomenon of leader sanctification. We proposed “Morality-Competence Model of Sanctification Theory” to explain the processes of upward dehumanization, and “Cute-Cool Leader Perception Theory” to explain leader types after sanctification. We combined lab experiments, field experiments, interviews, surveys, and Big Data to answer five academic questions. First, does upward dehumanization exist? Second, are there two distinctive kinds of upward dehumanization processes (i.e., sanctification of morality and sanctification of competence)? Third, are there two basic types of leaders after sanctification (i.e., cute type and cool type)? Fourth, how do subordinates shape their perceptions on these two types of leaders? Lastly, what are the consequences of these two types of leaders? This program will help us understand relevant social phenomena (e.g., why do we sometimes perceive immoral leaders as competent?), learn to better shape leader image (e.g., why should leaders behave in a grounded manner?), and improve leadership effectiveness (e.g., when should leaders build a cute image?).

高权力距离文化中的中国人在知觉领导时，容易将其神化。神化是一种上行去人性化。本项目区分出去人性化的上行（神化）与下行（动物化、机器化）两类，并尤其关注对领导的上行去人性化现象。我们提出“道德—能力两维度神化理论”来解释上行去人性化的两种方式，同时提出“萌酷领导知觉理论”来解释神化后的领导类型。本项目采取实验、大数据与问卷调查相结合的方式，首先证明上行去人性化的存在；其次，探讨上行去人性化的道德神化与能力神化过程；第三，探讨通过这两种过程形成的两种领导类型，即萌型领导与酷型领导；第四，探讨日常生活中下属为什么会形成对这两种领导类型的知觉；最后，探讨这两类领导形象会导致的结果。对本项目的探索有助于理解相关的社会现象（如，为何有时觉得无德的领导能力强？），深化对领导形象塑造方式的考量（如，领导人为何要“接地气”？），及增加对提升领导效力方式的了解（如，领导在何时应该塑造自己“萌萌哒”的形象？）。

本项目旨在研究领导神化现象，即高权力距离文化中的中国人在知觉领导时，容易将其神化。神化是一种上行去人性化。本项目区分出去人性化的上行(神化)与下行(动物化、机器化)两类，并尤其关注对领导的上行去人性化现象。我们提出“道德—能力两维度神化理论”来解释上行去人性化的两种方式，同时提出“萌酷领导知觉理论”来解释神化后的领导类型。本项目采取实验、大数据与问卷调访谈相结合的方式，首先，证明了上行去人性化的存在，并存在道德神化与能力神化两个过程；其次，发现通过这两种过程形成的两种领导类型，即萌型领导与酷型领导；接着，发现这两种领导产生的原因并发现这两类领导形象会导致的道德结果。此外，本研究还发现，领导也会自我神化，同时还会去人性化员工。对本项目的探索有助于理解相关的社会现象，深化对领导形象塑造方式的考量，及增加对提升领导效力方式的了解。