广西玉林地区古代高锰渣生铁冶炼技术研究

The ancient cast iron smelting sites of high manganese slag are distributed through an area of about 30 km2 in the vicinity of Long’an town and Taipingshan town, Xingye County, Yulin City of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Those sites are not only the earliest but also the most large-scale ancient cast iron smelting sites of high manganese slag, which have been found in the world to date. During pre-research, nine cast iron smelting sites at Gaoling, Liuxicun, Shengguoci, Juecaichong, Chongtangling, and so on were investigated by applicant; an almost intact shaft furnace has been excavated, and a large number samples of slag, charcoal and tuyère were collected at the sites during our fieldwork; and we preliminarily understand the characteristic of high manganese slag remained at the ancient cast iron smelting sites no later than late period of the Tang dynasty; recently, more than ten smelting sites have also been found at Shandiling and in the vicinity of Yangqiancun hills etc., as well as an iron ore mine site at Shachanling. This project intends to carry out comprehensive field survey of metallurgical smelting sites in ancient Guangxi and its neighboring areas, using metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer etc. to reveal the microstructure and chemical composition of production remains found at the smelting sites and ancient iron artefacts unearthed from Guangxi and its neighboring areas available, in order to reconstruct the ancient cast iron smelting technology of high manganese slag in particular exploiting iron ore and fluxing agents, and its smelting process; exploring the flow directions of the ferromanganese products and ancient cast iron smelting sites of high calcium slag, and revealing ancient cast iron smelting technologies in Guangxi. It also probes into the historical and cultural impact of ancient cast iron smelting technology dissemination and its diversified development on the Lingnan region, China. This project intends to provide a general plan based on new research materials for preserving the smelting sites of high manganese slag as well.

广西古代高锰渣生铁冶炼遗址群主要分布在玉林市兴业县龙安镇到太平山镇约30平方千米范围内，是迄今为止世界发现最早规模最大的高锰渣生铁冶炼遗址。申请者在预研究中，考察了龙安镇高岭、六西村、胜果寺、蕨菜冲、冲塘岭等9处冶铁遗址，参与试掘遗存较完整的冶炼竖炉，采集到大量炉渣、木炭、鼓风管等样品，初步掌握该地区至迟于唐末出现高锰渣生铁冶炼技术；并新发现龙安镇山底岭、杨前村后山腰山脚等十余处冶炼遗址，在沙铲岭新发现采矿遗址。本项目拟开展该地区及周边古铁矿冶遗址更深入的全面调查、冶金遗物及出土古代铁器的实验室研究，通过扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析仪、金相显微镜等对样品进行化学成份和显微结构分析，探明其矿石和助熔剂开采、冶炼等技术内涵，探索其铁锰系产品流向和高钙渣生铁冶炼遗址，揭示该地区古代生铁冶炼技术面貌，为探讨古代生铁冶炼技术多样性发展和在岭南地区传播时空框架及其对历史文化影响、遗址保护提供新的科学依据。

全面开展了广西玉林地区唐宋时期高锰渣古铁矿冶铸遗址的调查复查，新见遗存丰富的龙安镇杨前村龙旗顶铸造遗址、洛阳镇金山村庙岭冶炼遗址、小平山镇佛子岭冶炼遗址、玉州区仁东镇良村冶炼遗址等四十余处，分布在玉林市玉州区、兴业县龙安镇到洛阳镇、小平山镇、大平山镇约120平方千米范围内，厘清了遗址空间分布基本状况。田野调查期间，采集到大量炉渣、矿石、鼓风管、炉壁、木炭等样品。采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪（EDX）、扫描电镜及能谱分析（SEM-EDS）、金（矿）相等研究手段，对广西玉林地区56处古代冶炼遗址遗存的炉渣、矿石、鼓风管、炼炉及金属等289个冶炼遗物样品开展检测分析，研究探明了该地区的高锰渣生铁冶金技术内涵和基本面貌，高锰渣生铁冶炼的矿料来源主要是铁锰共生矿，当时已经具备较好选矿能力及经验。史料记载当地淘洗“青黄泥”炼铁，“青黄泥”即为铁锰共生矿砂，矿砂中的锰矿恰是助熔剂。在玉林北部的小平山佛子岭冶炼遗址发现了唯一一处出现高钙渣生铁冶炼技术，同时也存在高锰渣生铁冶炼技术。该遗址很可能是从高钙渣生铁冶炼转变到高锰渣生铁冶炼技术的重要遗址。其他遗址均是高锰渣生铁冶炼技术。在龙旗顶新发现了岭南地区迄今最早的生铁铸造遗址，主要产品是铁锅和铁釜；铸造浮渣为高铁炉渣，渣中留存有生铁颗粒。陶模范的内里层表面发现有0.4%左右的ZrO2，研究表明，当时是有意识地涂上了含有锆的矿物质。至迟唐宋时期，我国就大规模的利用锆作为高温隔热、防护及增强材料应用于生铁陶范铸造技术。其它地区尚未见到此类报道。通过延伸田野调查研究，初步发现古代生铁液态炒钢（炒铁）的重要遗址及其相关遗存。特别是在岭南罗定地区发现了至迟始于明末的竖炉、炒炉、生铁渣、炒钢渣及其炒钢产品等一系列冶金遗物，是迄今中国发现唯一一处有明确完整证据的古代生铁液态炒钢遗址，将为古代生铁炒钢研究提供珍贵的科学资料。发表学术论文5篇，完成预期目标。