中东铁路遗产廊道的全域旅游空间模型研究

The Chinese Eastern Railway was built during 1896~1903 by the Tsarist Russia in Northeast China, which was 2426 kilometers in length. The Chinese Eastern Railway is a typical heritage corridor because of the large amount of heritage and abundant natural resources along it. As the arrival of the era of mass leisure, National Tourism Administration gives great impetus to “all-for-one” tourism on both provincial and urban scales. The heritages of Chinese Eastern Railway have multiple values and can be taken as important tourism resources, and the all-for-one tourism development is able to solve the problems of the inadequacy of tourism development together with the problems of lacking in overall heritage protection and poor quality of local people’s life in the Chinese Eastern Railway heritage corridor region, thereby promoting the revitalization of the old industrial bases in northeast China and realizing the urban and rural integration in this region. Basing on the spatial models from landscape ecology and recreation geography research fields, the all-for-one tourism spatial model of heritage corridor is constructed through the system coupling of theory of heritage corridor and theory of all-for-one tourism. With the help of existing data and aerial data, using Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model and ant colony optimization algorithms, functions and characteristics of the spatial model and the relationships between model components are analyzed through 3S technology and MATLAB platform, in order to put forward the all-for-one tourism development model in heritage corridors. This research provides new insights for city and regional planning in heritage corridor region and expands the research domain of all-for-one tourism, which has significant reference meaning to the development of large-scale heritage areas.

中东铁路是沙皇俄国于1896-1903年间，在我国东北地区修建的全长2426公里的铁路。中东铁路沿线遗产数量众多、自然资源丰富，是一条典型的遗产廊道。随着全民休闲时代到来，国家旅游局大力推进省域市域全域旅游，具有多重价值的中东铁路遗产是重要旅游资源，中东铁路遗产廊道全域旅游将有效改善区域内遗产整体保护不利、旅游业发展滞后、人民生活水平偏低等问题，促进东北老工业基地振兴，实现城乡融合发展。本研究通过遗产廊道和全域旅游的系统耦合，结合景观生态学和游憩地理学的空间模型，构建遗产廊道全域旅游空间模型，结合现有空间数据和航拍资料，应用最小阻力模型和蚁群算法，以3S技术和MATLAB软件为平台，对空间模型进行系统分析，分析模型各要素的功能、特征及相互作用关系，提出科学的遗产廊道全域旅游发展模式。本研究将为遗产廊道内城乡区域规划提供新的思路，扩展全域旅游的研究范畴，对大尺度遗产区域发展具有重要借鉴意义。

十九大以来，国家对历史文化保护传承高度重视，将文化遗产保护工作与中华民族伟大复兴事业相结合。在当下全国范围内愈发强调城乡历史文化保护传承体系建设的趋势，以及大力倡导全域旅游的大背景下，作为遗产廊道代表的中东铁路无疑是极为重要的旅游资源，从社会和经济等层面为东北老工业基地的振兴带来了契机。本研究通过遗产廊道和全域旅游的系统耦合，结合景观生态学和游憩地理学的空间模型，并依托3S、元胞自动机、机器学习等技术手段，借助自然语言处理、结构方程模型、多元空间回归分析等定性定量方法，模拟并构建了遗产廊道全域旅游空间模型。研究立足中东铁路遗产廊道及其沿线典型的遗产资源禀赋，集中探讨了：1）聚焦国际前沿，以城市历史景观理念和如画美学思想作为全域旅游发展的理论基础，为中东铁路遗产保护与传承利用提供了科学方法；2）在局部空间视角下，分别从历史演进、价值特征、公众健康和公众感知等方面出发，提出了引导遗产廊道空间良性发展的精细化策略；3）在遗产廊道全域尺度下，引入景观生态学方法，建立起由理论到实践、由全局特征识别到空间模型构建的技术路线，完善了中东铁路遗产廊道全域旅游系统研究框架；4）基于全域旅游“全要素”视角的考虑，结合中东铁路沿线的红色文化、工业遗产、冰雪旅游、乡村景观等标志性特色旅游资源，进行了多主题、多内涵的保护和利用规划研究，并可借鉴推广到全域范围及其他遗产廊道区域。研究具有保护文化遗产和振兴区域经济的双重意义，能够挖掘遗产廊道整体资源的系统价值，改善城乡环境、促进城乡融合发展及保护地域文化景观特色，实现地方经济发展和遗产保护共赢，使中东铁路遗产廊道全域旅游成为东北地区全面振兴的有效驱动力。