明代天象记录研究

The quantity and literature of the Ming Dynasty are the largest in the traditional astronomical records. The length of the massive the Ming Shi Lu containing a large number of astronomical records is one origin of the astronomical records second only to the History of the Ming Dynasty. Other literature has their own independent astronomical records, such as the History of the Ming Dynasty, the Guo Que, the Er Shen Ye Lu, the Xu Wen-xian Tong-kao, and local chronicles literature, as well as the documents in Korea and Japan. These astronomical records have not been sorted out and studied comprehensively. This project plans to collect and sort out these related literatures, compare these astronomical records, and research the origin and correlation. The modern astronomical computing techniques will be utilized to validate the records one by one, statistical analysis will be used to analyze the category, quantity and distribution, and the observational accuracy and error rate will be evaluated. The following research will be further conducted: a large number of meteor records will be analyzed and the relation between meteor shower, periodic comet and the meteor records will be discussed; the distribution of meteor recorded in different locations will be studied; the features of the same eclipse, comet and other astronomical record of different locations will be analyzed; some rare astronomical phenomena recorded in the previous dynasties will be analyzed; The records of Taibai zhoujian and others are applied to research the climate and atmospheric conditions; and the auguries of the astronomical records and other astronomical information in the Ming Shi Lu are attempted to interpret from the astronomical point of view of society.

传统的天象记录，以明代为数量最多、文献最多。篇幅浩大的《明实录》中载有大量的天象记录，是仅次于历代天文志的天象记录来源，其他文献例如《明史》、《国榷》、《二申野录》、《续文献通考》、各地地方志等文献以及朝鲜和日本都有各自独立的天象记录。这些天象记录，尚未有全面的整理和研究。本项目计划对相关各文献进行全面搜集、整理，对其中天象记录进行对比，研究其来源和相互关系。使用现代天文计算方法对这些记录逐条进行验证，统计分析其种类、数量、分布，评价其观测精度和错误率。本项目还将作以下扩展研究：分析大量的流星记录，探讨其与流星雨以及周期彗星的关系；不同地点记载流星的分布；不同地点记载的同一次日食、月食、彗星等天象的各自特征；对明代出现的某些以前朝代少见的天象记载进行分析；应用太白昼见等记录对气候和大气状况进行研究；并试图从社会天文学的角度对《明实录》中天象的占语和其他的天文学信息进行解读。

明代留存大量的天象记录。搜集并整理了明代相关的文献，对照《明实录》原文，将《明实录中之天文资料》和《崇祯实录及长编中的天文资料》进行仔细校勘。我们用天文计算方法对这一时期全部天象记录逐条进行计算验证，分辨出正确、大致正确和错误。分别对各种类型天象记录进行了分析和统计。对《明实录》这个中国古代天象记录最大的样本，从文献来源、种类、特征、数量和时间分布给出了全面的描述。本项工作，可以为正实施中的《明实录》点校本工程提供重要参考。《明实录》包含天象记录达6千余条，是诸史天文志以外，中国古代天象记录的最大来源，其中包括日月食336条、月行星掩犯2622条、流陨2248条。明后期除日月食和彗星记录外，其他类型天象记录大幅减少。由可以回算验证的月行星掩犯记录得到错误率4.1%，属历代最佳。错误主要是资料编纂整理过程和书籍传抄过程造成的。月亮记录显示，凌晨的观测，通常记前一日日期；掩犯恒星记录显示，官内星名与传统略有差异。若干例证说明，原始记录采用日序式纪日。只是在编纂史书时，才改用干支纪日。搜索了明代其他文献中的天象记录，对其中比较集中的文献记录进行复算检验和统计分析。