郑州商城遗址非正常死亡人生存环境与迁移的锶同位素研究

The Shang City site at Zhengzhou, the capital city of Shang Dynasty at its earlier period which dates from 3600 B.P., plays an extraordiary role in the origins and early development of Chinese civilization and had an intimate interrelationship with the surrounding chiefdom. The large amounts of osseous remains of humankind and animals from the site have been studied systematically by archeologists and anthropologists who, however, have been holding different opinions toward the sources and origins of the human bones from unnatural causes of death that can be found easily in the ash ditch, ash pits and sacrificial pits. This argument remains unsolved with the traditional methods but now is settled because the analytical technology with strontium isotope is used to analyze the skull bones from the site which was doubted to be foreign to the effect of distinguishing the bones of the native slaves from those of the foreign war prisoners. Meanwhile, rich information about the environment and eating habits can be collected from the bones by carbon/nitrogen isotope analysis. The information is used together with such proxy indicators as Strontium calcium ratio, rubidium strontium ratio in the exploration of the living conditions and eating patterns of any specific community in Shang Dynasty and thus established is a data base of the strontium isotope ratio of the relative areas in Shang Dynasty to reveal which human group/groups the Shang site at Zhengzhou actually transmigraded with. This method can not only provide scientific proof for the study of the borderlines and the social nature of Shang Dynasty, but also offer scientific parameters for the probe into the space structure, the distribution features and the driving Mechanism of different human elements in Shang Dynasty, this will also contribute to the further development of the geochemistry research.

距今3600年左右的郑州商城遗址是商代前期的都城，在中华文明起源与初期发展中具有突出地位，并与周围方国存在密切的互动关系。遗址中出土了大量古代人类和动物遗骨，并经过人类学、考古学的系统研究。其中出土于灰沟、灰坑、祭祀坑中的大量非正常死亡人骨的身份和来源，学界历来有不同认识。本项目拟用锶同位素分析技术对城中出土的疑为外来的人头骨进行研究，试图分辨其属于当地的奴隶还是外来战俘，揭开这一靠传统方法无法解决的难题。同时通过碳、氮同位素分析提取骨骼中含有的丰富环境和食性信息，结合铷锶比、锶钙比等代用指标探讨商代各特定地区人类的生存环境与食物结构，进而建立相关地区商代锶同位素比值数据库，揭示郑州商城与周围哪些人类群体存在人口互动关系，这不仅可对研究商代的疆域和社会性质提供科学依据，还为探讨商代不同类型人文要素的空间结构和布局特征及其动力机制提供科学参数，并有助于地球化学研究领域的进一步拓展。

郑州商城是商代早期的都城遗址，在郑州商城宫殿区的夯土台基上，发现了一条埋藏有近百个人类头骨的壕沟，这条壕沟被称为人头骨坑。人头骨坑中的人类头骨大部分只残留有颅顶部分，边缘有明显的锯痕。对于人头骨坑中人骨的身份和来源，发掘者认为是被杀害的奴隶，另有学者认为他们是被俘获的战俘。.锶同位素分析方法在考古学研究中通常用来研究人类的迁移问题。通过本地灰坑出土的动物牙釉质的锶同位素比值来确定郑州商城遗址的锶同位素背景范围，将这一背景范围同人头骨坑人骨的锶同位素组成相比较，以了解这些人骨是本地的奴隶还是外来的战俘。同时，结合其他遗址的锶同位素分析数据，以探寻这些人骨来自何方。.碳氮稳定同位素分析方法可以用来确定人类个体的食性。通过对比人头骨坑人骨和郑州商城本地墓葬出土的人骨，了解这些人类个体人头骨同郑州商城本地居民在食性上的异同，提供与人头骨坑人骨身份地位有关的信息。通过食性地域性差异分析，也有助于寻找人头骨坑人骨的来源地。.本项目通过锶同位素分析结果可以看到，人头骨坑中的人类个体的锶同位素比值平均值为0.711522，同郑州商城本地的Sr同位素组成的背景以0.711606~0.711884（0.711745±0.000139）的范围有着明显差异。而碳氮稳定同位素分析结果则指出，一方面人头骨坑人骨在营养级上同商城本地居民没有显著差异，另一方面人头骨坑人骨显示的以C4植物为主食的饮食习惯，同商城居民C3与C4植物混食的习惯明显不同。对郑州商城遗址、郑州东赵遗址等同时期的遗址所开展的植物考古研究也表明，当地的主要粮食作物除了C4类的粟、黍等以外，也包括C3类的水稻、小麦、大豆等作物。这些证据表明人头骨坑人骨更可能是外来的战俘。郑州商城人头骨坑人骨的同位素特征，符合安阳孝民屯遗址的同位素测试结果。这表明这些人骨可能是来源于孝民屯遗址所在地区。大辛庄遗址出土的可能来源于郑州商城的祭祀、占卜人员，则反映了商王朝维持地方影响力的一种手段。