基于广西高温高湿室内环境的空气污染特征及分布规律研究

The indoor air pollutant distribution characteristics in the high temperature and high humidity environment of the public place and house of the representative cities such as Nanning, Liuzhou, Guilin, Wuzhou, Yulin and Beihai in Guangxi will be analyzed by means of the site test using the Laser dust measuring instrument, and the analyzers of the TVOC, formaldehyde, benzene, radon and ammonia combining with the laboratory analysis using the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, gas chromatograph. By simulating the indoor pollution sources distribution characteristics and the temperature and humidity of representative cities in Guangxi,to study the relationship between the environmental factors and the air pollutant release characteristic，long residual action and space different degeneration of the typical pollution sources in the high temperature, high humidity and in the normal temperature and humidity indoor environment chamber within two years. The diffusion process, distribution characteristics and rules of the air pollutant in the high temperature and high humidity typical indoor space will be contrastive analyzed with the normal temperature and humidity indoor environment within two years by using the diffusion model and the law of conservation of mass and energy. The prediction model of the air pollutant will be set up according to the high temperature and high humidity typical indoor space, and the reliability degree of the model will be examined by means of the site test. The project well be of importance to drive the human environment and social sustainable healthy development, and to lay the theoretical foundation of the preventment and control of the air pollutant and the improvement of the indoor air quality in the high temperature and high humidity indoor environment.

采用现场监测（用激光粉尘仪、TVOC测定仪、甲醛分析仪、苯测定仪、氡分析仪、氨分析仪等）与实验室分析（用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、气相色谱-质谱联用仪、气相色谱仪等）相结合的方法研究广西典型城镇（南宁、柳州、桂林、梧州、玉林、北海等）的公共场所和居民住宅等高温高湿室内环境中空气污染物的分布特征；模拟室内污染源分布特点和广西典型城镇的温度、湿度，通过长达2年的连续监测，对比分析高温高湿和常温常湿环境测试仓中典型污染源的释放特征、长效性和空间异变性及其与环境因子的关系；结合扩散模型、质能守恒定律等，在2年内对比分析高温高湿和常温常湿典型室内空间空气污染物的扩散过程、分布特征和分布规律；根据高温高湿地区典型室内空间建立预测模型，结合现场测试结果检验模型的可靠度。本项目对于推动人类环境与社会可持续健康发展具有重要意义，为高温高湿地区室内空气污染防控和空气质量改善提供理论依据。

室内空气污染受环境因子的影响很大，为此，本项目系统研究了广西典型城市公共场所及居室中甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)的污染程度与环境因子的相关性，分析了典型教学机房、新装修实验室、模拟空间中甲醛浓度的季节性变化、月变化与环境因子的相关性；在环境测试舱、模拟空间中研究了环境因子对典型污染源甲醛释放的影响规律，建立了预测模型；研究了改性活性炭纤维(ACF)协同等离子体、利用发光二极管光源催化净化空气污染物的新方法、净化材料及机理，典型污染源的甲醛清除新方法，去除甲醛用甘蔗废弃物活性炭的清洁制备方法及ACF、多孔材料的改性方法，典型污染源脲醛树脂、白乳胶的低甲醛化改性方法及机理等。结果表明，广西典型城市公共场所及居室中TVOC浓度基本合格、甲醛浓度超标严重，使用11年的教学机房中甲醛浓度仍达0.434 mg/m3，是国家标准的4.34倍；甲醛含量高的人造板是主要甲醛污染源；典型高校教学机房、新装修实验室、模拟空间内甲醛浓度的季节性变化、月变化规律基本相同，甲醛浓度与环境温度、相对湿度、绝对湿度呈正相关，高温、高湿环境对人造板甲醛释放具有促进作用。饰面密度板在常温、高温密闭模拟空间中释放甲醛的浓度分布与污染源位置、空气流速、温度显著相关。随着温度、湿度的增加，甲醛在人造板内部的扩散系数(D)增加、在气/源界面的分配系数(K)减小；甲醛的初始传输速率(E01、E02)和衰减常数(k01、k02)随环境温度、湿度或换气率的增加而增大。人造板甲醛释放模型的预测值与实测值最大误差为12%。改性可使ACF、多孔材料甲醛去除率提高54.1%、43.6%，改性ACF协同等离子体、二极管光源催化净化甲醛的效率为96%、97.6%；有机物、无机盐可清除人造板中甲醛的84.73%、93.43%。Cu2O/ZnO、CuxO/Bi2O3、CdS-TiO2-Ce催化剂的甲醛降解率为83.33%、87.61%、84%。改性可使脲醛树脂、白乳胶的游离甲醛含量降低50.7%、88.9%，甲醛与N,N-二甲基乙二胺、磺胺的反应方程为：.7C4H12N2+16CH2O=5C7H17N+4C2H4N2O2+ CHNO+7H2O；.2C6H8N2O2S+3CH2O=C3H4N2O+2C6H7SO2N+2H2O。. 本项目取得的系列成果，可为高温高湿地区室内空气污染防控和空气质量改善提供理论依据。