神经外科开颅手术中颅骨高效高安全切除研究

For neurosurgery clinical craniotomy, because the cutting tools are cutting high hardness, anisotropy, multilayered complex structure of the skull, so there are many issues, such as the prone chip jamming, tool breakage and low cutting efficiency. The program integrates the knowledge of cutting science, biomechanics, numerical analysis of clinical medicine and interdisciplinary. The program will use a three-dimensional X-ray micro-CT instrument to observe the cutting process, to research the impact of fresh corpse skull material properties, the structure and cutting parameter of cutting tools to skull tissue removal, chip formation, and cutting force, and then establish a cutting deformation and fracture model of bone material. The program will consider the generation and distribution of milling force, to establish a cutting deformation and fracture model of cutting tools. The program will establish skull fine structure material model with three-dimensional structure imaging technology, to build bone fracture criterion. The program will simulate craniotomy procedure and compare it with the experiment data, to obtain the high strength, high safety and excellent performance cutting tools and parameters. The research on lightweight, safe, easy chip removal clinical craniotomy cutting tool design theory and application of optimization methods, not only could rich biological living tissue resection theory, but also could provide a theoretical basis for the efficient operation cutting tools.

针对神经外科临床开颅手术中，铣刀切除高硬度、各向异性、多层复杂结构颅骨时，易出现切屑堵塞、断刀和切削效率低等关键问题，综合运用切削加工学、生物力学、临床医学和数值分析等跨学科知识，采用X射线三维显微CT仪在线切削观察法，研究新鲜尸颅骨的材料特性、铣刀的刀具结构特性以及铣削方式等，对颅骨组织切除的宏观与微观切屑形成、排屑和铣削力等的影响，建立骨材料铣削切除变形断裂模型；采用分层切除法建立基于骨组织材料切除性质的铣削力及铣刀刀刃载荷分布模型，探明颅骨铣刀变形与断裂机制；用三维结构成像技术建立颅骨微细结构材料模型，建立骨组织断裂判断准则，仿真颅骨切除过程并与体外模拟实验结果对比分析，优化设计具有高强度、高安全性和优良铣削性能的铣刀、铣削方式和铣削参数；获得使用轻便、安全性高且排屑容易的临床开颅手术铣削刀具设计理论与优化应用方法，丰富生物活体组织切除理论，为高端高效手术刀具设计与应用提供理论依据。

神经外科临床开颅手术中，采用铣刀切除复杂结构硬质颅骨材料，避免切屑堵塞与刀具断裂，是保证切除手术刀具高安全性与高效切削性能的关键。.本课题综合切削加工学、生物力学、临床医学和数字分析等学科知识，建立精密可控模拟临床开颅手术铣削研究平台，以多层复合颅骨为研究对象，研究颅骨组织结构和材料特性对切削过程影响；建立不同刀具结构的切削力模型及刀刃受力载荷分布模型，探明颅骨铣削刀具变形与断裂机制；优选使用轻便、安全性高、排屑容易的临床开颅手术铣削刀具。.研究发现，相对于侧铣削而言，面铣削将获得更好的切削表面；刀具断裂的评判准则之一为评价刀具的最大应力与许用应力的关系；小切削深度、大刀具前角、高铣削速度均为相对推荐的优选。优选的铣削刀具等级排序为：螺旋铣刀、天鹰二刃铣刀、天鹰四刃铣刀、西山直刃铣刀，优选的铣削参数为前角20°，主轴转速为14000rpm，进给速度60mm/min。