低负荷时段间歇运行中小学采暖建筑热过程及负荷特性研究

The heat load of continuous heating buildings is often decided by low temperature periods. However, the primary and secondary school building is outage at night and winter holiday, which is obviously regular. The daily mean outdoor temperature for heating is increased and the probability of extreme cold days is reduced. The operation load of heating system is lower than that of the current standard design conditions. There are peak-clipping heat load in addition to the intermittent preheating heat load for this kind of building. At present, the outdoor calculation parameters for heating based on daily mean value and the correction method of random intermittent heat load cannot be used for the calculation of peak-clipping heat load. Therefore, the definition of formation mechanism and the coupling process of two additional loads mentioned above, the mastery of regular load variation characteristics of intermittent heating as well as the formation of the total load algorithm or correction method are the basis of heating system design and dynamic control of the school building. This study intends to investigate the thermal demand characteristics of primary and secondary school building. Under the regular intermittent indoor requirement, the building envelope dynamic heat transfer process which is at the disturbance of outdoor environment would be analyzed. Then the analysis mathematical model of building thermal environment would be established. Through a large amount of numerical calculation, the influence of factors such as the interval length, heating rate and thermal inertia index on the thermal load characteristics would be obtained. The heat load calculation method applied to the building operated intermittently during low load periods would be proposed.

区别于连续采暖建筑热负荷由低温时段决定，中小学建筑的低温时段(夜间及寒假)为非使用期。与现有随机间歇采暖相比，这种间歇采暖具有明显的规律性。体现为采暖期实际室外日均温度提高、极冷日概率降低，系统运行负荷低于现行标准设计工况。因此，除了间歇预热附增负荷外，此类建筑还存在削峰附减负荷。目前以日均值为基础的采暖室外计算参数，以及随机间歇采暖负荷修正方法，都无法用于削峰负荷计算。因此，明确上述两项附加负荷形成机理及耦合过程，掌握规律化间歇采暖负荷变化特性，形成总负荷算法或修正方法，是中小学建筑采暖设计及动态调控的基础。本研究拟调查掌握中小学教室内热环境需求特征；在规律性间歇室内要求下，分析室外扰量经围护结构的动态传热过程，建立建筑热环境分析数学模型；通过大量分析计算，掌握间歇时长、升温速率、热惰性指标等因素对热负荷特性的影响关系；提出适用于此类低负荷时段间歇运行采暖建筑热负荷计算方法。

区别于连续采暖建筑热负荷由低温时段决定，中小学建筑的低温时段(夜间及寒假)为非使用期。与现有随机间歇采暖相比，这种间歇采暖具有明显的规律性。体现为采暖期实际室外日均温度提高、极冷日概率降低，系统运行负荷低于现行标准设计工况。现有暖通空调标准中全面稳态负荷计算方法不再适用。因此，本项目以揭示中小学低负荷时段间歇运行建筑热过程机理、建立规律化间歇采暖热负荷计算方法为研究目标。.通过四年期攻关研究：掌握了西北地区中小学教学作息规律、建筑热工条件、教室内热环境、用能及耗热量现状；获得了不同工况下各教室基础室温、中小学生期望的热舒适温度等数据；完成中小学生学习效率与室温间关系的定量化研究；掌握了最佳学习效率下教室内室温波动范围。开展了中小学教室外窗、墙体等围护结构动态传热过程分析，建立了间歇采暖教学建筑热环境分析数学模型，完成了中小学校间歇供暖负荷计算方法及负荷特性模拟研究。开展了中小学规律化间歇采暖热负荷影响因素模拟分析，掌握了围护结构蓄热性能、间歇时长、预热时间等因素在不同工况下对预热负荷动态特性的影响关系，掌握了总负荷构成及波动特性，建立了间歇采暖室外气象参数整合处理、修正方法。获得了适用的室外参数引用修正处理方法；根据各类功能房间组合得到功能建筑、从而组合得到校园建筑，提出了对负荷由功能房间热负荷、功能建筑热负荷、校园建筑群热负荷进行逐级叠加计算方法。.研究成果出版《分时分区热环境调节理论与应用》等专著2部；发表科研论文40余篇，其中SCI检索20余篇。申请或授权发明专利13项。培养博士研究生1名、硕士研究生13名。成果获西藏自治区科学技术一等奖、陕西高等学校科学技术一等奖等奖励。成果参加国内外学术会议并交流成果30余人次。本研究将为中小学教室热环境设计、采暖节能等提供重要依据，为暖通空调相关标准规范修订提供重要支撑。