基于村域区位的宅基地退出补偿及收益分配策略研究

The 19th National Congress of the CPC and the No.1 Central Document in 2018 emphasized the implementation of the strategy of Rural Revitalization and stressed that the withdrawal of homesteads, which is the engine of land system reform, is of great significance to the reform of the rural land system. How to effectively promote the withdrawal of homesteads and balance the distribution of its income is the key to the reform of the rural land system. This study takes village as the basic unit to construct the homesteads withdrawal decision-making function and the expected price model. It analyzes the regularity of location difference between the theoretical compensation and the actual compensation for the withdrawal of homesteads. Based on the identification of dominant functions, this study calculates the added value of homestead withdrawal from the perspective of function transformation and equity, and constructs the theoretical income model and the real income model to explore the evolution of farmers' profit and loss pattern. It couples the location of village area, advantage function, farmers' livelihood and quit mode, and designs the coordinate optimization path of kernel system and outer rim system. The alliance distribution model is introduced to quantitatively analyze the contribution, investment and risk of participating agent-"Member", furthermore, this model also helps to select quit mode and set up income distribution strategy set. Multi-agent modeling technique is used to simulate the multi-party equilibrium of income from homestead withdrawal. From the aspects of multi-mode optimization, income sharing, contribution fairness, dynamic compensation and regional equilibrium, this project constructs a differential compensation mechanism based on village location and a balanced income distribution mechanism based on the contribution of the agents. Then it may provide a scientific reference for the scientific field and the management of homestead withdrawal in China.

十九大和2018年中央一号文件强调实施乡村振兴战略，突出农村土地制度改革，作为农地制度改革引擎的宅基地退出意义重大。如何有效推进宅基地退出、均衡其收益分配是农地制度改革成败的关键。本研究以村域为基本单元，构建宅基地退出决策函数及期望价格模型；剖析宅基地退出的理论补偿和现实补偿的区位分异规律；在优势功能识别的基础上，从功能转化与权益角度核定退地增值，构建理论收益模型与实际收益模型探究农户损益格局演化；耦合村域区位、优势功能、农户生计与退出模式，设计内核系统与外缘系统的协调优化路径，引入联盟分配模型量化分析各参与“主体”的贡献和风险，遴选退地模式与收益分配策略集；运用多主体建模技术，仿真退地收益的多方均衡；从多模式优选、收益共享、贡献公平、动态补偿与区域均衡等方面，尝试构建基于村域区位的差异化退地补偿机制、基于多主体贡献的收益均衡分配机制，进而为我国宅基地退出研究与管理提供科学参考依据。

十九大、二十大和中央一号文件强调实施乡村振兴、共同富裕战略，突出农村土地制度改革，作为农地制度改革引擎的宅基地改革意义重大。如何有效推进宅基地退出、均衡其收益分配是农地制度改革成败的关键。本研究对宅基地退出文献进行归纳和梳理，同时对浙江省义乌市、德清县、安吉县等地展开了实地调研，总结了宅基地退出的成功经验。采用Logistic 模型，模糊评价法，实地调研法分析农户宅基地退出意愿的影响因素，定量测度宅基地退出前后农户福利水平的变化。基于地域和村域区位两个维度构建宅基地多功能测算模型，基于宅基地多功能识别结果，构建多功能量化评价体系，引入产业区位熵测算宅基地功能优势度，揭示不同地区不同区位宅基地功能分异规律，探讨宅基地综合价值及其空间分异。基于可达性划分宅基地类型，从农村土地整治视角构建“城中村—近郊—远郊—边远”类型的宅基地退出模式选择机制，总结提出宅基地的城镇转化型、保留集约型、整合扩张型、异地重建型四类退出模式。在联盟利益分配机制下构建基于贡献的宅基地退出增值收益分配模型，对浙江省典型县市进行测算，探讨了宅基地退出中各主体的贡献和增值收益分配比例的区位差异。以浙江省嘉兴市、义乌市、泰顺县三个宅基地退出的典型区域为例，基于复杂适应系统理论（CAS，complex adaptive system）和多主体模拟方法对微观主体的交互行为进行仿真模拟，从微观农户尺度对宅基地退出补偿进行定价，这可以为管理部门制定补偿价格范围提供科学参考，也为进一步完善宅基地制度改革提供科学依据。