智慧测量的新范式：第二人称智慧建言研究

Wisdom—deliberating about the best human life from the standpoint of society as a whole, instead of the individual alone—is more important than personal intelligence for human development. Therefore, researchers in the field of intelligence (Sternberg, Ferrari, e.g.) have devoted themselves to the study of wisdom since the 1980s, in response to the crises facing humankind. Wisdom advising—giving wise advice to individuals in distress—is an important paradigm to study and measure wisdom that is more objective and efficient than other paradigms based either on self-report questionnaire or individual interviews. It is a fundamental question whether individuals demonstrating higher General Wisdom during advising would also have higher Personal Wisdom (as assessed by the Personal Wisdom Paradigm). Previous studies of wisdom advising found no positive correlation between General wisdom and Personal Wisdom, but this is most likely due to the fact that researchers applied a third-person perspective paradigm that asked participants to think about what the protagonists should say or do, without engaging participants’ own emotions. This project aims to compare our innovative second-person perspective wisdom-advising to traditional third-person perspective wisdom-advising in three ways: cognitive, emotional and neural. We hypothesize that second-person perspective advising should evoke more emotional involvement and self-relevant experience of the advisor and thus the General wisdom of the advice should be significantly positively correlated with Personal wisdom of the advisor. Moreover, second-person perspective advising should involve more wisdom-related brain functional connectivity. We hope this project will inspire researchers to investigate the fundamental question of the relationship between General Wisdom and Personal Wisdom. Besides, this project can help inform educators about how to advise individuals experiencing life dilemmas. Finally, this project can inform other research fields in psychology about, e.g., the effect of taking a second-person (dialogic) perspective on problem solving, behavior decision-making, and empathy.

智慧已成为当代热点词汇。智力领域的研究者Sternberg、Ferrari等近年来都致力于研究智慧，以应对人类面临的危机。智慧建言是智慧研究与测量的重要范式，它比基于自陈量表、个体访谈的范式更加客观、高效。而智慧建言中个体智慧与一般智慧的关系一直是热点和难点问题。以往研究普遍采用第三人称智慧建言，取得了一系列重要成果。遗憾的是，很少人研究更能卷入建言者个人情感的第二人称智慧建言，因此也未能验证一般智慧与个体智慧的相关关系。本研究拟采用申请者自创并得到智慧心理学领域资深学者Glück(2017)肯定的新范式——第二人称智慧建言，试图从认知、情感和神经三个层面探讨第二人称智慧建言与传统的第三人称智慧建言的差异，并验证第二人称智慧建言中一般智慧与个体智慧的正相关关系。本项目可以启发研究者解答智慧心理学领域的核心问题；也可启发其它领域的心理学研究：比如第二人称视角对问题解决、行为决策、共情的影响。

智慧是应对人类危机的关键心理资源。智慧建言是智慧研究与测量的重要范式，它比基于自陈量表、个体访谈的范式更加客观、高效。而智慧建言中个体智慧与一般智慧的关系一直是热点和难点问题。遗憾的是，很少人研究更能卷入建言者个人情感的第二人称智慧建言。本研究采用申请者自创的新范式——第二人称智慧建言，从认知、情感和神经三个层面探讨第二人称智慧建言与传统的第三人称智慧建言的差异，并验证第二人称智慧建言中一般智慧与个体智慧的正相关关系。.通过一系列行为、微表情、脑电、fMRI实验研究，本课题组发现：从第二人称视角对想要自杀的个体建言时，更加智慧的被试表现出更多的悲伤、更少的快乐、更少的厌恶，且有更高的潜力劝阻自杀。相比于从第三人称视角对人生困境中的主人公建言，从第二人称视角建言时的智慧表现与其个人智慧的相关关系更强。虽然在情感和智慧成绩上并未发现稳定的视角效应（其中的调节变量和中介变量仍需在下一个项目中探究），EEG和fMRI研究一致发现：静息态时前额叶的神经振荡与第二人称视角的智慧成绩（元谦逊等）有显著正相关，而与第三人称视角的智慧成绩无显著相关。.此外，fMRI实验中，以默认神经网络（DMN）为兴趣区的分析显示：从第二人称的角度提供建议时，元谦逊与前扣带回皮层(ACC)和上前额叶皮层(SPFC)的低频振幅（ALFF）显著正相关；基于全脑的探索性分析结果表明：第二人称视角建言时的视角采择与楔前叶、距状体的ALFF显著正相关，而第三人称视角建言时的视角采择与楔前叶、中央前回的ALFF显著正相关；此外，从第三人称视角建言时的元谦逊与ACC显著正相关。结果支持了我们的假设。不同心理距离的智慧表现可能依赖于不同的神经结构和心理过程。.本项目的成果已经发表于SCI/SSCI期刊（3篇）和CSSCI期刊（3篇），且有一篇在投稿中，这些成果可以启发心理健康、危机干预、公共管理、社会认知等领域的研究，帮助理解人称视角对问题解决、行为决策、情绪管理、心理健康的影响。