鄱阳湖越冬期三种大型涉禽的栖息地选择和觅食行为研究

The Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. The Poyang Lake provides wintering habitats for about 500-600 thousand waterbirds each year. Siberian Cranes Grus lucogeranus and Oriental White Stork Ciconia boyciana are the first category of the nationally protected wild species in China. Common Crane Grus grus is the second category of the nationally protected wild species in China. Over 95% of Siberian crane global population is distributed in Poyang Lake. This project will do some research work on habitat selection and foraging behaviors about these three large-sized shorebirds in early, middle and late wintering periods. The main contents include: (1) Habitat selection about three shorebirds: habitat selection mechanism of three shorebirds will be studied in different scales using 3S technology, then explain the dynamic relationship between habitat selection and ecological factors such as wetland complex, water level and food abundance; (2) Foraging behaviors of three shorebirds: foraging behaviors of three shorebirds will be studied using focal animal sampling method and video recorder to demonstrate the relationship between foraging behaviors and ecological factors and figure out foraging strategy of three shorebirds; (3) Construct the protective system of three shorebirds: based on the parameters of habitat and foraging behaviors, assess the importance of wetland complex and assess the role of artificial and natural wetland on shorebirds conservation; Then address the protective system for three shorebirds. This project will solve theoretic issues such as habitat selection and foraging strategy and provide scientific basis for the conservation and management of three shorebirds.

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖，每年冬季为约50-60万只水鸟提供越冬栖息地。白鹤Grus lucogeranus和东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana为国家I级重点保护鸟类，灰鹤Grus grus为国家II级保护鸟类。鄱阳湖白鹤种群数量超过其全球种群数量95%。本项目拟在鄱阳湖区开展这三种大型涉禽越冬前、中、后期栖息地选择和觅食行为研究，主要研究内容包括：（1）栖息地选择：运用3S等技术多尺度研究三种涉禽栖息地选择机制，揭示栖息地选择与湿地综合体、水位、食物丰富度等的关系；（2）觅食行为：运用焦点动物法，辅以摄像录像机对三种涉禽觅食行为进行研究，弄清觅食行为与生态因子的关系，揭示其觅食对策。（3）保护体系建立：基于栖息地和觅食行为参数，评估湿地综合体的重要性，以及人工湿地和自然湿地对涉禽保护的价值，提出保护体系。本成果可解决涉禽栖息地选择和觅食对策的理论问题，为其保护与管理提供科学依据。

本项目运用3S技术、焦点动物法等对鄱阳湖三种大型涉禽的栖息地选择、觅食对策进行了系统研究，提出了相应的保护对策。东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana可分布于鄱阳湖区各类自然生境，白鹤Grus lucogeranus和灰鹤Grus grus均主要分布在1-2种生境中，其中人工生境是白鹤和灰鹤重要的栖息地。白鹤、灰鹤和东方白鹳分别偏好选择III级、I级和II级水深栖息。大尺度下白鹤、灰鹤和东方白鹳觅食栖息地的主要生境类型均为水域，东方白鹳栖息地的水域占比高达80%以上。主成分分析显示，三种大型涉禽第1主成分均可归纳为安全和食物因子；第2主成分为食物和水因子。白鹤栖息水深（17.29±8.75）cm，取食水深（18.84±10.32）cm，取食频次（12.24±3.89）次／min，取食成功率为（16.26±14.41）％。灰鹤主要在草洲和农田中取食，因此未记录取食水深等数据。灰鹤取食频次（7.02±6.78）次／min，步频（9.68±2.89）步/min。东方白鹳的栖息水深（17.22±6.28）cm，取食水深（14.64±6.26）cm，取食频次（6.58±3.13）次/min），取食成功率为（3.36±9.55）% ，步频为（20.15±11.49）步/min。本文比较分析了时间、日照长度、成幼、水深等生态因子对三种大型涉禽取食行为的影响。最后本项目基于栖息地选择和取食行为，在加强就地保护、保护小区建设、水位调控、人工生境管理、种群监测等方面提出保护对策。本项目还对鄱阳湖及其五河水系的其他水鸟多样性及生态习性进行了初步研究。本项目研究成果积累了大量有关鄱阳湖三种大型涉禽栖息地选择和取食行为等基础生态学资料，对鄱阳湖及五河水系涉禽的保护管理具有重要的指导意义，同时为涉禽生境管理提供重要的科学依据。