基于震后过渡性安置和恢复重建的废弃物营建利用模式

After earthquakes, from collapse and dismantling of buildings as well as temporary placement of victims, a huge amount of ruin waste and domestic waste generates, which take up a lot of the victims' living space and can cause great damage to the ecological environment in the local area. If we can apply the waste to the placement and rebuilding project, we can solve the problem of waste disposal as well as that of construction material shortage.The project will focus on the development of a proper construction method which, taking all the difficulties after earthquakes into account, combines waste disposal with construction work. And relevant design principles and construction practice will also be involved. Firstly, a research will be done to figure out the characteristics of wastes generated from the temporary placement and its types as well as the construction method involved in building make-shift houses and earthquake shelters by using these wastes. In the development of the construction method, such factors as weather conditions (extreme heat and extreme coldness), lack of professional and technical personnel, materials and construction tools, etc have to be taken into consideration. At the same time, it has to be able to meet the basic living needs of the victims and can be easily understood and grasped by the public.Secondly, another research will be done with its focus on the characteristics of waste generated in the rebuilding phrase, its types and the recycling method as well as the design and construction methods involved when the waste is used in construction.Lastly, on the basis of the two researches, a conclusion will be drawn about the mode of how to apply waste from after-earthquake temporary placement and rebuilding phrase to construction.

震后存在于崩塌和拆除建筑中的废墟废物和过渡性安置过程中产生的生活废物数量巨大，侵占灾民生存空间，破坏震区生态环境。若能将其直接用于震后的安置和重建工程建设，则可解决震后废弃物处理与工程建设材料匮乏的双重难题。本项目研究在震后诸多不利条件下，将废弃物的利用处理与工程营建相结合的实施方法，以及相关的营建设计理论和构造做法：首先，研究震后过渡性安置时期废弃物产生的特点、种类以及利用废弃物营建简易房、抗震棚的建造方法。这种建造方法应考虑特殊的天气条件（严寒或酷暑）和缺少专业技术人员、物资、施工工具等情况，且能满足灾民基本的居住要求，并易于被普通民众接受和掌握；其次，研究恢复重建时期废弃物的特点、种类和回收方法，以及将其用于工程营建的建筑设计方法和相关的建筑构造做法；最后，在上述研究的基础上，总结基于震后过渡性安置和恢复重建的废弃物营建利用模式。

震后存在于崩塌和拆除建筑中的废墟废物和过渡性安置过程中产生的生活废物数量巨大，侵占灾民生存空间，破坏震区生态环境。本项目研究在震后诸多不利条件下，将废弃物的利用处理与工程营建相结合的实施方法，以及相关的营建设计理论和构造做法：①通过震后废弃物的利用与抗震棚、过渡安置房、恢复重建房屋及室外工程建造工作匹配关系的研究确定了可用于工程营建的废弃物种类；②研究利用废弃物搭建抗震棚的方式，确定了以帐篷为主的抗震棚形式，以及竹木、砌体等废墟建材在抗震棚建造中的利用方法；③通过对集中安置点中群体性过渡安置房的研究，得出能够满足灾民基本居住要求和热舒适性要求的房屋形式，在此基础上，研究了利用废墟建材建造过渡安置房基础、室内地面、围护结构的原理与构造措施；④研究了恢复重建时期能够结合废弃物利用的震后房屋建造、室外环境恢复重建工程的设计方法和相关的构造方式，并对砖石砌体、拆解木材、废弃混凝土的利用方法进行了专项研究。上述研究成果为解决震后废弃物处理与工程建设材料匮乏的双重难题提供了切实可行的方法，为我国应对大规模突发性灾害的援建方式提供了理论依据，为援建物资的储备提供重要的数据支持，是废弃物利用理论和灾后重建理论的有意补充，并为符合我国国情的灾后过渡安置房的建造方法和恢复重建方式提供了新的研究思路。