用核分析技术研究巩义窑白瓷的产地特征和烧制工艺

Gongyi kiln is one of the earliest kilns of white porcelain making in our country, and there're three famous kiln sites, which are Baihe kiln, Huangye kiln and Tiejianglu Kiln separately. Especially when the white porcelain was unearthed from Baihe kiln together with the celadon made in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the history of white porcelain making in China is pushed forward for nearly a hundred years, which attracted worldwide attention. However, there still remains many questions, such as the origin of the white porcelain and the firing technology, the attribution problem of the white porcelain which unearthed from the ruins and tombs, the original feature and the changing patterns with time of the white porcelain from Gongyi kiln, the similarities and differences in formula and firing technology between the early white porcelain and the early celadon. These problems have still plagued archaeologists so far. Therefore, research on these problems is of grate scientific value and archaeological significance.. Variety of nuclear analysis techniques and multivariate statistical analysis are adopted in this project to research the raw materials origins and formulae, phase composition and microstructure, firing temperature and firing atmosphere of white porcelain of different periods from Gongyi kiln, the origin and course of development of the early white porcelain will be determined by the analysis results. At the same time, a comprehensive database on the white porcelains can be established, so that scarce resources are shared, which can provide reliable determine criteria for determining the kiln site of the white porcelain which unearthed from the ruins and tombs, and undamaged identifying of the write porcelains.

巩义窑是我国烧制白瓷的最早瓷窑之一，其著名的窑址有三处，分别为白河窑、黄冶窑和铁匠炉窑。特别是白河窑出土的白瓷与北魏青瓷伴出，把我国白瓷烧制的历史向前推进了近百年，引起世人瞩目。白瓷的起源和烧制工艺、遗址和墓葬出土白瓷的窑口归属问题、巩义窑白瓷的产地特征及随时代的变化规律、早期白瓷与早期青瓷在配方和烧制技术等方面有何异同？这些问题至今困扰着考古学界。因此，对这些问题的研究极具科学价值和考古意义。.本项目利用多种核分析技术和多元统计分析方法研究不同时期巩义窑白瓷的原料产地和配方、物相和微观结构、烧制温度和烧制气氛，从而确定早期白瓷的起源和发展历程，建立白瓷的综合数据库，使有限的资源得到共享，为探讨遗址、墓葬等出土白瓷的产地及白瓷的无损鉴别，提供可靠的判定标准。

为研究白瓷的起源和烧制工艺、巩义窑白瓷的产地特征及随时代的变化规律，本项目利用多种现代分析技术研究不同时期巩义窑白瓷的原料产地和配方、物相、微观结构和烧制温度，同时又研究了相州窑和当阳峪窑白瓷的配方、物相和微观结构，完善了古陶瓷数据库系统，为探讨遗址、墓葬等出土白瓷的产地及白瓷的无损鉴别，提供科学依据，并取得以下研究成果：.（1）白河窑和黄冶窑白瓷样品的表观密度、体积密度均基本相同，白河窑白瓷分为两类，一类气孔率和吸水率均很低，另一类白瓷的气孔率和吸水率均较高；（2）黄冶窑白瓷釉的主波长范围为625nm～797.5nm。白河窑白瓷釉的主波长范围为631nm～730nm。相州窑白瓷釉的主波长范围为691nm～756nm。白瓷样品大致分为两类：一类白中泛黄，另一类白中泛青。白中泛青釉样品的主波长较小，白中泛黄釉主波长较大；（3）白河窑和黄冶窑白瓷胎样品产地相近或者相同，当阳峪窑白瓷胎样品来源与白河窑和黄冶窑不同，相州窑白瓷胎样品原料来源与白河窑和黄冶窑不同；（4）当阳峪窑化妆土的配方与白瓷胎和釉样品的配方不同；（5）黄冶窑四个时期的白瓷釉样品成分略有差别，白中泛青釉和白中泛黄釉的配方稍有不同；（6）白河窑、黄冶窑和当阳峪窑白瓷釉配方相近；（7）相州窑白瓷釉的配方与白河窑和黄冶窑这2个窑口的白瓷釉的配方不同，但差别不大；（8）白河窑、黄冶窑、当阳峪窑和相州窑白瓷胎的物相组成基本相同，主要是莫来石、α石英和方石英；（9）四个窑的白瓷胎中均有气孔和未熔石英颗粒，黄冶窑白瓷胎中较大的Ti颗粒，白河窑白瓷胎中有较大的Ti和Zr颗粒；（10）四个窑的白瓷釉中有明显气泡，在胎釉中间层有明显的钙长石晶体，黄冶窑和当阳峪窑白瓷釉中分相结构与析晶相伴而生。白河窑的釉中未见有明显的分相；（11）黄冶窑白瓷的烧制温度大约为1210 ～1280 ℃，白河窑白瓷的烧制温度为1160 ～1300 ℃。