菊头蝠科对溶洞的择居模式及对岩溶区域生态的指示作用

The Wuling mountainous area, located in the four provincial borders (including Hunan Province) and at the southeastern edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, is not only the typical karstic ecoenvironment, but the distribution center of Rhinolophidae of China. The family has only one genus—— Rhinolophus,the horseshoe bats,with about 80 known species in the world,of which 28 species have been recorded in China.And over half of China’s Rhinolophus species have already been found in the area.Rhinolophidae as the research object,this project will focus on some population ecological problems as followings: . (1)What kinds of Karstic caves do Rhinolophidae select to roost,and what macroscopic ecoenviromental characteristics are there around as the typical cave-dwelling bats?. (2)What cave microhabitats do the horseshoe bats use? Are there any distinct differences in the ecoenvironmental factors between their hibernating and nursing sites?. (3)What patterns of aggregation and spatial distribution in the caves has Rhinolophidae developed?. (4)Have the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide or the changes of barometric pressure in the caves any impacts on their roost selection and periodic activity patterns,plus ambient temperature and humidity?. (5)How do Human disturbance affect the family's habitat selection? Was the historical cave-occupation of bandits and the traditional worshiping activities by local folks in the caves the key causes of bat population decline in the western Hunan? . Combined with the 3S technology,infrared camera trapping and some automatic detecting devices for multi-climatic factors,we aim to create some correlation models between the family’s distribution and main macroenvironmental factors, to clarify the limiting ones for their cave habitation, and to make clear their gregarious characteristics and ecological patterns for hibernation and nurse.. Moreover,we plan to provide a complete population ecological basis for conservation of Karstic cave ecosystems and precious bat resources in such a poverty-stricken and urgently-needed developing mountainous area. Also, some basic data from this project may be used as significant references in global karstic cave ecoenvironmental impact assessment, especially will contribute to our understanding in the spatical distribution patterns and the evolutionary mechanism for Rhinolophidae as an evidential ecological indicator for environmental quality of natural karstic ecosystems.

武陵山地区是我国典型的溶洞分布区和菊头蝠科分布的中心区域。选择菊头蝠科作为研究对象，通过利用3S技术分析溶洞周围的景观特征，用气候因子自动记录仪连续监测栖息地微环境因子的变化，用红外相机技术对蝙蝠的活动进行监拍等方法，重点研究溶洞特殊的生态生物学特征，以探讨菊头蝠的栖息地选择偏好。拟建立菊头蝠科分布与溶洞主要宏观环境因子的相关模型，确定影响菊头蝠在溶洞中利用微生境栖息的限制性因子，进而探明菊头蝠冬眠群和育幼群的集群特征与择居模式，揭示菊头蝠对岩溶区域环境质量的生态指示作用及种群空间分布格局与影响因素。研究结果有助于对菊头蝠科空间分布规律、演化机理及趋势的系统理解，可为溶洞自然生态系统及蝙蝠资源保护提供种群生态学依据，也可为全球范围内溶洞环境质量评价提供参比数据。

菊头蝠是典型的洞栖性蝙蝠，其活体、尸体和粪便都可作为其他洞穴生物营养与能量的来源或栖身之处，在洞穴生态系统中起着关键性的作用。可是，由于洞穴黑暗潮湿，有一定的危险性，并且蝙蝠昼伏夜出或隐藏在洞穴深处冬眠，研究难度较大，因此对其栖息生态学的研究报道较为少见。.项目组在前期研究的基础上，将3S技术、红外摄录技术与实地调查相结合，以大菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠、西南鼠耳蝠和大蹄蝠作为主要研究对象对洞栖性蝙蝠的栖息生态特征、择居模式及洞穴动物多样性进行了较为系统的调查与研究。通过4年的努力，主要取得了以下研究结果：.① 以菊头蝠为例建立了适合于洞栖性蝙蝠栖息生态研究的方法体系。. ② 建立了菊头蝠对溶洞宏生境的选择模型，弄清了大菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠、西南鼠耳蝠和大蹄蝠的栖息生态特征及其影响因素，发现了洞栖性蝙蝠的一些特殊行为。.③ 发现洞穴动物1新属2新种，为湘西世界地质公园的申报成功提供了强有力的支撑。.④ 发表4个省级蝙蝠新记录种，丰富了湖南省和湖北省翼手目物种多样性名录；基本厘清了湖南省和武陵山地区翼手目动物的资源本底现状；对于中国洞穴盲鱼的名录与分布情况也进行了综合研究。.⑤ 在国内外学术期刊上发表论文19篇，其中SCI、EI和CPCI论文5篇，CSCD论文9篇，国际中文暨武大版核心期刊（RCCSE）论文5篇；另有3篇国家级会议论文摘要。.⑥ 获得国家实用新型专利1项。.⑦ 有1人次参加国际学术会议，18人次参加6次国家级和省级学术研讨会，共做了10个报告，获得5个省级优秀学术报告奖。. ⑧ 有4位研究生依托本项目完成硕士学位论文。.⑨ 2019年11月，指导张佩玲等本科学生撰写的《武陵山区翼手目动物的资源本底与种群保护》获得“第十六届‘挑战杯’全国大学生课外学术科技作品竞赛”二等奖。.⑩ 整合国内外的相关资料和本项目的研究成果，完成了《洞穴生态生物学》专著。.还应邀参加了中央电视台《地理中国》栏目科教纪录片“生境迷踪，武陵谜影”的野外拍摄。