哈尼梯田适应极端干旱的生态水文学机制研究

Under the impact of global climate change, the intensity and frequency of extreme climate events has increased in most areas around the world. How to adapt to those climate extremes in order to minimize their negative effects and to ensure the safety of food production becomes a hot topic. It is also a big challenge for governments. The Hani Rice Terraces system in Yunnan Province is a spectacular agriculture and nature wonder, with its indigenous irrigation systems and agricultural technologies still intact, and the "Forest-Village-Terrace-River" landscape pattern along the elevation. The Hani Rice Terraces have successfully resisted continuous severe droughts for 3 years since the 100-year big drought in Southwest China took place in late 2009. It is a successful case of adaptation to climate extremes. In this project, we are taking the Hani Rice Terraces System in Honghe County as a case study area to analyze the adaptation mechanisms to extreme drought events with the help of field invesigation and monitoring,Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method and water balance analysis. At first, the impacts of extreme drought events on agricultural production will be studied. Then, water conservation of the forest sub-system, the change in water runoff and ecological water demand of the terrace will be analyzed. Finally, the water balance analysis will be carried out and adaptation mechanisms to extreme drought events will be summarized. In this way, this project will provide some valuable evidence on the adaptation of traditional agriculture systems to climate change.

在全球气候变化的影响下，干旱等极端气候事件发生的强度和频率在许多地区均呈上升趋势。如何适应极端气候增多的现象，保障农业生产安全，是我国当前面临的重要挑战，也是气候变化研究的前沿课题。云南哈尼梯田形成了自上而下垂直分布的"森林-村庄-梯田-河谷" 四素同构的良性原始农业生态系统，成功地抵御了自2009年以来的连续干旱，成为适应极端气候变化的一个成功案例。本项目拟以云南省红河县哈尼梯田为研究对象，结合文献资料收集分析、参与式乡村评估方法、野外调查与定位监测等手段,耦合历史极端干旱事件对研究区农业生产的影响评价、森林子系统水源涵养和水源调节功能评价、梯田水量平衡分析，探讨哈尼梯田适应极端干旱的生态水文学机制，为提高农业生态系统适应气候变化的能力提供科学依据。

本项目以云南省红河县哈尼梯田为研究对象，结合文献资料收集分析、参与式乡村评估方法、野外调查与定位监测等手段,从历史极端干旱事件对研究区农业生产的影响、森林子系统水源涵养和水源调节功能、梯田水量平衡分析等方面，探讨了哈尼梯田适应极端干旱的生态水文学机制。研究结果表明： （1）研究区域极端干旱事件发生的频率和程度都在增加但未对区域粮食产量造成影响；（2）水量平衡分析显示即使在旱季哈尼梯田仍有充足的水源；（3）与我国其他区域森林相比，哈尼梯田森林具有很高的土壤水源涵养能力，是其适应极端干旱气候的重要保障；（4）哈尼梯田适应极端干旱机制可归结于其四素同构的景观结构，高森林覆盖率，及良好森林水源涵养与调节功能。研究成果为我国农业文化遗产保护及提高农业生态系统适应气候变化的能力提供范式与科学依据。