我国社会组织的“国家-市场”二元性与组织能力建设研究

As "one notable feature of reform programme sponsored by the Chinese Communist Party" (Saich, 2000), the rise of social organizations in China has gained a lot of research attention in recent years. However, there is an active debate among scholars as to whether the growth of social organizations in China is a grassroots, bottom-up process or is led by the state (e.g. Frolic, 1997; Wu, 2003). In the state-society relations research, a substantial body of research suggests that, the authoritarian government used to restrict nonprofit organizations and civil society activities, which assumes a relatively independent and limited autonomous nonprofits sector in China (Ma, 2002; Yu, 2006; Zhan & Tang, 2016). It suggests that the most of social organizations are semi-governmental (Li, 1998; Yu, 2006), and they can not be survival without the support of government under the background of "Strong State and Weak Societies" (Migdal, 1988; Xu & Ngin, 2011). .Another stream of research underlines the market foundation of civil society development in China (White, 1993; Saich, 1994). It is argued that market-oriented economic reforms over the past three decades have triggered remarkable economic growth and made Chinese society more pluralistic, which establish the resource and cognitive foundation for the social organizations development (Saich, 1994; White et.al, 1996; Heberer, 2010). .This research attempts to bridge these theory gaps of state-society relations research. From an organizational perspective, the adaption to political and market environments of social organizations can be regarded as state-market ambidexterity. This research will propose the construct of state-market ambidexterity, and examine its antecedents and consequences at the organizational level. The research could make threefold potential contributions as follow: .First, by proposing the important but previously underexplored construct of state-market ambidexterity of social organizations, we may contribute to the literature by linking two kind of institutional logics of social organizations development. This contrasts with the relatively one-sided emphasis on state control or market foundation (White et.al, 1996; Wu, 2003; Heberer, 2010). By viewing state-market ambidexterity as a bundle of organizational capabilities of social organizations, we move beyond the traditional either/or thinking and articulate the both/and nature embodied in state-market ambidexterity..Second, by investigating the antecedents of state-market ambidexterity, this research could deepen our understanding of Chinese civil society development at the organizational level, helping us understand why some social organizations are state orientated, why some organizations are market orientated, and why some organizations are movers and adopt new strategic orientation. It could be a necessary complement of state-society relations research and shed further light on how Chinese social organizations develop in specific institutional environments..Finally, by empirically testing the influence of state-market ambidexterity on organizational performance, this research will identify critical success factors of social organizations and help them to manage their institutional environments more effectively, which may provide managerial and policy implications for future nonprofits development in China.

本项目聚焦中国制度环境下社会组织的适应性策略及其能力建设，提出并系统刻画社会组织“国家-市场”二元性这一重要但未被开发的组织概念，基于中国独特的制度环境辨识社会组织发展的策略选择和能力特征，以期在组织层面更好地揭示、解释和评估中国社会组织发展的内在规律。在研究中，研究将构建和测量社会组织“国家-市场”二元性概念，明确组织二元性的影响因素，探索组织二元性的绩效效应及其作用机制，提出社会组织能力建设的政策建议。总的来说，研究能够对宏观层面的国家社会关系研究和社会组织制度建设研究作出重要补充，有助于深化对中国社会组织行为及其组织能力的认识，对激发社会组织活力、提升社会组织发展能力、推动经济社会转型具有一定的现实意义。

项目基于理论分析、案例调研和大样本数据实证检验，提出并系统刻画社会组织“国家-市场”二元性这一概念，并通过理事网络构成测量社会组织的“国家-市场”二元性构念，同时课题组构建全国基金会和浙江省社会组织发展数据库，基于大样本数据探索检验组织二元性对社会组织获得捐赠、政府补贴收入和服务收入的不同影响及其机制，在此基础上分析不同政策环境下社会组织发展的差异，并提出促进社会组织发展的政策建议，为增强社会组织能力建设、推动社会组织发展提供了的理论和政策支撑。