基于自然光环境改善的岭南地区中小学校教育建筑可持续设计研究

The research focuses on natural light environment of education building in primary and middle schools. In recent years, myopia of primary and middle school students in China has been very serious, and medical research shows that favorable natural light environment helps reduce the incidence of myopia, and is critical to the healthy growth of young people. The author finds that there exist lots of problem in primary and secondary school education buildings in Lingnan region such as high illumination near the window 、low illumination in the middle of class、always lack of natural light indoor. And we urgently need to explore in depth from the perspective of architectural design on how to solve the very serious problem of environmental quality in natural light by improving the side window structure or setting skylight in primary and secondary school education buildings in Lingnan region, where is extremely shortage of land resources. Besides, the design of the primary and secondary school buildings in Lingnan region, not only need to consider the natural light environment quality, but also consider the architectural shading and heat insulation problems, which have the characteristics of contradiction both. The research, combined with the latest design dates home and abroad, through the quantitative research methods of field investigation, software simulation and experimental verification of rooms, and studied from different perspective of building volume design and structure design, to explore the sustainable design of primary and secondary school buildings in Lingnan region.

本项研究重点关注中小学校教育建筑自然光环境问题。近年来我国中小学生的近视问题已经非常严重，而医学研究表明，良好的自然光环境有助于减少近视的发生，对青少年的健康成长非常关键。笔者通过实测发现,目前我国岭南地区的中小学校大量存在临窗区域照度过高、教室中部照度过低、白天开灯挂窗帘等问题，室内经常缺乏自然光。在土地资源高度紧张的岭南地区，如何在多层中小学校教学建筑中通过改进侧窗构造方式或者设置天窗来解决目前很严重的自然光环境质量问题，亟待我们从建筑设计的角度进行深入探索。此外,岭南地区中小学校建筑设计不仅要考虑自然光环境质量,而且还必须考虑建筑遮阳隔热的问题，这两者是具有一定的矛盾性的。本研究计划结合国内外的最新设计成果，运用走访调研、软件模拟和实验房验证等量化研究手段，从建筑体量设计与构造设计等不同角度进行研究，努力探索岭南地区中小学校教学建筑的可持续设计之路。

本项研究重点关注中小学校教育建筑自然光环境问题。经过申请人在项目执行过程中对广州市中小学校教室的实测发现，常规的侧窗采光形式导致教室内自然光照度严重不均匀，临窗处过亮到无法阅读，教室中部又照度不足，导致白天开灯挂窗帘的现象大量出现，学生在室内接触不到自然光。对大量相关文献的阅读可以发现，这种缺乏自然光的现象与我国青少年近视率高发的情况密切相关。通过对英美国家的相关采光指南的研究，发现英美国家在中小学校设计上倡导将采光窗与景观窗分设，景观窗不应承担采光功能。教室接收自然光的最佳方式是在顶部开设带有散射版的竖向天窗。通过计算机的模拟，我们比较了不同采光口设计的室内光环境效果。以此为基础，申请人联合中山医科大学眼科专家，在广东省的河源市建造了足尺的实验房，并开始进行持续观测。该实验房研究已经被美国华尔街日报健康版报道。在此基础上申请人团队总结出了岭南地区中小学校教室光环境设计的相关策略，并且在广州市萝岗北师大附属小学项目中加以运用，取得了良好效果。