猪舍颗粒物排放特征与源解析研究

Particulate matter (PM) has been a global environmental issue. Livestock housing is an important anthropogenic source of PM emissions. PM from livestock houses has detrimental effects on animal performance and production efficiency, health and welfare of animals and farmers, emitted PM can also threaten the ambient environment and neighbors..It is basic to study characteristics and source apportionment of PM for assessing the harm of PM to animals and human. The state-of-the-art measuring technologies and source apportionment methods of PM will be used to identify and quantify sources of PM and contributions, morphological and chemical characteristics of PM, temporal and spatial distribution of PM, PM emission factors, analyze mechanism which indoor NH3 forms the secondary PM2.5, and investigate the relationship between PM and influencing factors. Source profiles and receptor profiles of PM in different typical swine houses will be built, the physico-chemical and biological characterization of PM will be completely revealed, and emissions prediction model of PM inside pig houses based on artificial neural network will be developed. Results of this project can provide scientific data and theoretical basis for developing PM inventory from livestock husbandry in China, and the impact threshold of PM on the heath of human and animals. This project is of great significance for further quantitative analysis and evaluation of the fate and dispersion of PM emissions from livestock production, and its contribution to the formation of regional atmospheric PM2.5.

颗粒物（PM）污染已成全球性的环境问题，畜禽舍是主要的PM农业排放源，畜禽舍PM排放危害人畜健康和周边环境，畜禽舍PM的排放特征和源解析是开展PM对人畜健康影响机制研究的应用基础性研究。本项目将应用先进的PM检测技术和源解析方法，采集分析不同类型典型猪舍（仔猪舍、育肥舍和母猪舍）的PM样品。研究猪舍的PM来源及贡献、理化和生物特征、时空分布、排放系数、NH3对二次PM2.5形成机制及贡献等特征、PM与排放影响因素的相关性。建立猪舍PM源和受体的成分谱，全面揭示猪舍PM的理化和生物特征、来源及贡献，建立基于人工神经网络的猪舍PM排放预测模型。本项目研究成果可为建立我国畜禽业的PM排放清单、提出我国畜禽舍PM污染特征的人畜健康影响阈值提供科学依据，对进一步定量分析和评价我国畜牧业排放的PM衰减和扩散规律及其对区域PM2.5的贡献、有重要意义。

畜禽业是农业PM等空气污染的主要来源之一，畜禽舍PM具有以下特性：浓度高于其他室内环境、携带恶臭和污染气体、通常含有种类繁多的细菌和微生物而使其具有生物活性，畜禽舍PM的特性加重了其对人畜的潜在危害。同时，畜禽场PM的排放不仅影响周边环境还会成为疫情传播的途径。因此，减少与控制畜禽舍PM排放对降低空气污染有重要意义。针对畜禽舍的PM减排需要首先分析畜禽舍PM理化特征，目前，国内外对畜禽舍内PM的形态、理化特性及来源贡献的研究还较为罕见，针对畜禽舍PM排放特性及源解析的研究亟待开展。.本项目对规模畜禽舍的PM、NH3、环境参数及动物的行为进行连续监测。研究畜禽舍内PM粒径分布特征、浓度时空分布、排放系数、化学成分和生物特性等排放特征。通过对监测数据的分析，研究综合影响因素对畜禽舍PM排放是作用。分析前体物NH3、NOX、SOX等对二次PM2.5形成机制。研究相应的PM源解析模型，探究畜禽舍PM的来源及贡献。.项目研究结果发现在冬季密闭保育猪舍中，大部分区域的PM2.5、PM10和TSP质量浓度分别在0-0.1mg/m3、0-0.7mg/m3和0-1.0mg/m3之间，保育猪舍中通风量低、气流流速低，保育猪接活动频繁区域中颗粒物浓度较高。规模蛋鸡舍中，颗粒物主要集中在鸡舍的中后部，粗颗粒物碱性强于细颗粒物，颗粒物中有机质成分主要来源于饲料、粪便、蛋鸡皮毛。舍内颗粒物中重金属含量最高为Al, Fe和Zn。鸡舍内清粪前后微生物气溶胶差异不显著，清粪过程中气溶胶浓度最高。.综上所述，项目相关结果为建立我国畜禽业的PM排放清单、开展畜禽业PM对人畜健康影响机制和对区域环境PM形成机理研究、研发畜牧业PM的全过程控制技术、制定相关法规和标准等提供理论基础和科学依据。