基于生命周期的煤矿区景观生态效应及评价研究

Serious damage to the landscape of water, land and vegetation caused by the exploitation of coal resources is one of the root causes for eco-environmental problems in coal mining area. Therefore, identify the landscape ecological effects and their response mechanisms caused by coal mining are important for the coordination development of coal resources exploitation and ecological environment protection, landscape ecological restoration and improvement of ecological environment in coal mining area. Taking Xuzhou mining area as the research object, the aim of this project is to obtain landscape elements damaged due to coal mining by remote sensing image and build database of land use landscape dynamics in coal mining area by the methods of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), and landscape ecology. Then, based on the life cycle theory, the evolution of landscape structure and ecological processes of coal mining area is analyzed from the perspective of vegetation cover, landscape pattern and land use changes. This experiments and analyses would hopefully identify the landscape ecological effects and their response mechanisms caused by coal mining in view of the lifecycle of coal mining area. The research will provide the dependable theory foundation and strong technical support for land reclamation and landscape ecological restoration of the coal mining area.

煤炭资源开采对水、土、植被等景观造成的严重破坏，是煤矿区生态环境问题产生的根本原因之一，深入了解煤炭资源开采引起的景观生态效应及其响应机理，对协调煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护，及时修复受损景观，改善煤矿区生态环境具有重要意义。本研究拟以徐州矿区为研究对象，基于生命周期理论，融合遥感、地理信息系统和景观生态学方法，从遥感影像获取煤炭开采过程中受损害和影响的景观要素，建立煤矿区土地利用景观动态变化数据库，进而从植被覆盖、景观格局和土地利用变化的角度分析不同生命周期段内煤矿区景观结构与时空演变特征，继而从景观稳定性、景观干扰和生态系统服务价值等方面构建相应的景观生态效应表征模型，分析不同采煤强度下煤矿区景观生态效应状况及变化趋势，以期从矿区生命周期的角度揭示煤炭资源开采对景观生态效应的影响机理，并为煤矿区土地复垦和景观生态修复提供可靠的理论依据和强有力的技术支撑。

煤炭资源开采开发和利用过程中，矿区原有生态景观遭到破坏，产生一系列生态环境问题，深入了解煤炭资源开采引起的景观生态效应及其响应机理，对协调煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护，推进矿区生态文明建设具有重要意义。本项目以徐州市沛北矿区为研究对象，从生命周期的视角，建立 “遥感识别-时空格局-驱动分析-影响评价”的技术框架，研究煤矿区景观结构时空演变过程及其生态效应，分析煤炭资源开采对景观生态效应的影响机理。课题主要取得的成果如下：.（1）划分煤矿区生命周期阶段并分析了每个阶段矿区景观生态特征。矿区生命周期与煤炭开采的强度、年限及储量等相关，有发展初期、快速发展期、稳定期和衰退期四个阶段。目前，沛北矿区正处在开采稳定期。.（2）利用随机森林方法提取沛北矿区6期土地利用数据；1994—2014年间沛北矿区土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著，耕地、林地和未利用地减少，工矿建设用地和塌陷水体持续增加；景观呈破碎化和均匀化趋势，景观分形特征趋于简单化和规则化。.（3）针对矿区土地生态系统的结构、功能和问题，利用景观稳定性模型、生态系统服务价值模型、综合评价模型等对沛北矿区景观格局变化及其生态效应进行评价。结果表明，土地生态质量总体呈现由工矿和城市为核心向四周辐射递增的格局。大规模煤炭开采和城镇化建设是影响矿区生态状况的主要原因，但土地复垦对区域生态环境起到了一定的正效应。.（4）为揭示煤炭开采对景观格局演变的驱动机制，借助Mann-Kendall突变检测模型分析矿区景观指数变化过程，从生命周期的角度分析煤矿开采规模与强度对矿区景观格局演化的影响，并从煤矿开采、经济、城镇化和土地复垦政策等方面阐述变化的原因，以期为矿区土地资源可持续利用和受损生态景观修复提供科学依据。