东洋区瓢蜡蝉科分类与高级阶元系统发育研究

The family Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea) comprises 282 described genera and more than 1200 known species worldwide, which distribute mainly in the Oriental Region. However,the classification of the subfamilies, tribes and genera of Issidae is still ambiguous,and the relationship of this family to other related taxa is still in dispute. This project, basing on extensive specimen collection and field investigation, mainly aims at the Oriental Issidae fauna,i.e.,to clarify the diagnostic characteristics and their evolution direction for defining the related higher-level taxa in Issidae, investigate the biodiversity and distributional pattern of different taxa and deduce their origin and spreading history, reconstruct the higher-level phylogeny of the subfamily and its allies in order to clarify the systematic status and relationships of this subfamily to other related groups by using methods of comparative morphology, zoogeography, molecular biology and cladistics, etc.In addition,we will revise the their taxonomic system based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. This research will provide a new framework for evaluating the composition and relationships of major families of Fulgoroidea and lead to a better understanding of their evolution.

瓢蜡蝉科Issidae隶属于半翅目Hemiptera、蜡蜡蝉总科Fulgoroidea，全世界已知282属1200多种，全世界广泛分布。目前，该科所包含亚科、族级、属级阶元的界定并不完全明确，与近缘类群的亲缘关系尚不清楚。本项目以东洋区瓢蜡蝉区系为研究对象，通过种类调查与检视相关标本，综合运用比较形态学、生物地理学、分子系统学等理论与方法，以期发现新的分类特征，明确属级以上分类单元鉴别特征及演化规律、进化历程与方向，全面界定瓢蜡蝉亚科、族、属级分类阶元；搞清该区瓢蜡蝉科的种类、地理分布格局，分析各分类阶元组群在地理上的演化关系与不同区系特点，探索瓢蜡蝉科起源、扩散及演化规律；揭示瓢蜡蝉科系统发育关系，修订现有瓢蜡蝉科分类系统，建立符合瓢蜡蝉科进化历史的自然分类系统；明确瓢蜡蝉科的高级阶元之间的亲缘关系及其在蜡蝉总科的分类地位，为修订蜡蝉总科高级阶元分类系统提供科学依据。

瓢蜡蝉科广泛分布于世界各动物地理区，尤以东洋区种类最为丰富。在分类系统方面，该科所包含亚科、族级、属级阶元的界定存在着较大的争议，科内的亲缘关系以及与其他近缘类群的关系也不清楚，还有许多分类单元因鉴别特征不清而难以归类。.本项目对东洋区瓢蜡蝉进行了全面系统研究，在广泛收集标本、检视模式标本的基础上，选择了瓢蜡蝉科50属79个代表种(含最近被移出该科的8个种)，首次基于核基因18S全长、28S的D3–D7区、线粒体基因COXI、细胞色素b (Cytb) 等4个基因，对狭义瓢蜡蝉科Issidae主要类群进行了该科内系统发育研究；此外，系统发育的选样还包括了瓢蜡蝉科群(issoid group of families)中近年来被移出瓢蜡蝉科的Caliscelidae、Acanaloniidae、Tonginae、Trienopinae、Bladininae等支系，以验证这些类群被移出瓢蜡蝉的合理性。.此外，本研究还完成了瓢蜡蝉及相关类群的22种昆虫线粒体基因全序列测定和拼装，并结合GenBank已公布的球瓢蜡蝉亚科1种、蜡蝉总科相近类群5个种的线粒体基因组序列，对球瓢蜡蝉亚科及瓢蜡蝉亚科进行了系统发育关系重建和系统发育关系探讨。.本研究根据分子系统学和比较形态学结果，提出瓢蜡蝉科分为3亚科、7族、2亚族的新分类系统： (1) 希瓢蜡蝉亚科ThioniinaeMelichar仅包括希瓢蜡蝉族ThioniiniMelichar； (2) 瓢蜡蝉亚科IssinaeSpinola包括2个族，瓢蜡蝉族IssiniSpinola和爱瓢蜡蝉族HysteropteriniMelichar；(3) 球瓢蜡蝉亚科HemisphaeriinaeMelichar包括柯瓢蜡蝉族Kodaianellini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin、萨瓢蜡蝉族Sarimini Wang, Zhang & Bourgoin、帕瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini Cheng & Yang、和球瓢蜡蝉族Hemisphaeriini Melichar 4个族；球瓢蜡蝉族包括：蒙瓢蜡蝉亚族Mongolianina Wang, Zhang &Bourgoin和球瓢蜡蝉亚族HemisphaeriinaMelichar 2个亚族。.研究结果表明东洋区瓢蜡蝉昆虫的区系十分丰富，共计147个属，约占世界瓢蜡蝉区系的5