补偿机制下农产品冷链多级库存系统的协调与优化研究

Researches found that integrated multi-echelon cold chain inventory policy is better than decentralized decision making, but at the expense of the benefits of some players. Therefore, how to coordinate the system to make each member enjoy the dividends of integration so as to promote the effective implementation of the integrated system is most important. In this project, we develop a supplier-distributor-buyer inventory system for agricultural cold chain items to maximize the total profit of the whole system and to benefit each player through coordination and compensation mechanism. Firstly, based on the value added inventory, the survival/death characteristics of the cold chain items, this project adopts multi-programming program to build integrated cold chain inventory strategy and decentralized inventory model as well as two-stage pricing model considering the joint effects of cold warehousing/storage investment, the freshness and the pricing of cold chain items on the consumer demand with random disturbance under the dynamic environment with the deteriorating rate thought of as the function of cold chain investment effort and freshness; Secondly, in the multi-echelon integration model, we introduce different compensation mechanisms such as cold chain investment bearing contract, revenue sharing contract, buyback contract, quantity flexibility contract, and mix of other three contracts with investment bearing contract respectively to assure each member’s benefit greater than that of the decentralized decision. Through solution programs of optimized compensation parameters and the comparisons of the different scenarios, we determine the best compensation mode and related optimization program; Finally, feasibility and sensitivity analyses are made to improve the theoretical models to resort to the cold chain practice complying with the typical cases of the cold chain inventory system.

本项目对冷链农产品的生产商、配送中心和零售商组成的三级一体化库存系统的协调与优化问题进行研究，旨在使系统总利润及各成员的利益均优于分散决策。针对冷链品的增值性和生存死亡性，把变质腐败率视为冷链投资努力和新鲜度的函数,综合研究冷链投资水平、新鲜度及价格对顾客需求的共同影响，并考虑随机扰动，以利润最大化为目标函数，运用多层规划法构建动态环境下冷链库存的一体化决策与分散决策及其两阶段定价模型；在一体化决策中研究冷链投资分担、收益共享、回购、数量弹性四种机制以及后三种机制分别与冷链投资分担机制的组合，对冷链库存系统进行协调规划求解，寻找各自的最佳补偿参数或组合，并通过对比确定不同环境下的最佳补偿策略，为多级冷链库存系统的协调与优化提供理论依据与决策支撑；结合典型冷链库存的运作实践，将理论研究进行可行性和灵敏度分析，并对理论、方法和量化模型中存在的问题进行改进完善，使理论研究更好地契合和服务于实践。

针对冷链一体化决策所产生的局部收益不平衡现象进行协调优化，本项目展开了以下研究：(1)考虑生鲜农产品新鲜度与生存死亡特性，以DC为中枢的多级冷链农产品定价与库存决策问题；(2)考虑新鲜度与量变损耗，随机环境下，以DC为中枢的冷链库存/定价协调优化；(3)考虑新鲜度与量变损耗，随机环境下，以DC为中枢的冷链库存/定价系统补偿机制的组合优化；(4)对于一些新鲜度下降的冷链品，对其鲜切、榨果汁等再制造加工的市场需求特征、渠道结构进行了研究；(5)设计实现理论模型的算法程序。研究发现：(1)保鲜努力投入与时间因素不仅影响着产品的新鲜度，而且还影响着产品的数量损耗，揭示了生鲜农产品在实际流通过程中同时发生的质量与数量“双重损耗”现象及其变化规律；(2)顾客对商品新鲜度的敏感性越高，越有助于系统利润的增加；(3)对于时间敏感性较强的生鲜农产品，一体化决策时，零售商更倾向于通过增加保鲜投入维持商品新鲜度的方式刺激需求而获取利润，而不是通过频繁订货减少损耗的方式降低成本；(4)收益共享契约、保鲜成本分担契约、回购补偿契约和风险补偿契约，满足一定条件时均能实现供应链的有效协调；(5)“成本分担+收益共享”组合契约，在一定条件下可以显著扩大农产品的销售量，实现供应链各成员收益的帕累托改进。(6)我们证明了需求函数指数分布的适合性、一种新的基于Kalman滤波的启发式集成算法的有效性，以及改进的遗传算法和随机模拟技术相结合的混合智能算法的有效性。.在《中国管理科学》《系统管理学报》《International Journal of Production Economics》《Applied Mathematical Modelling》《Journal of Cleaner Production》《Computers & Industrial Engineering》等基金委认定的A、B类刊物、SCI和SSCI上发表论文17篇。成果被中国网(http://www.china.com.cn)、中国交通新闻网(http://www.zgjtb.com)、大众网(http://www.dzwww.com)和中国山东网(http://www.sdchina.com)等多个国家和省部级网站转载，社会反映强烈。.受项目资助，培养硕士毕业生9名，博士毕业生1名。