矿山顶板灾害预警

Among all kinds of mine disasters in China, mine roof disaster is the one which occurs most frequently, kills the most miners and leads to the huge economic loss. Based on the behavior characteristics and rock mass environment of roof disasters, the stress and displacement field evolution of rock mass disturbed by mining and excavation engineering is explored, and the physical information and omen feature during breakage and catastrophe of roof rock mass are also studied, so the basic mechanical mechanism about roof disaster occurring is revealed. The mechanical model and criterion and engineering catastrophe condition of roof breakage and instability in a large area are researched, and the relationship between fracture development process of rock plate with mining and field of rebound and compression is studied, and the connections between fracture development process of rock plate and geophysical information are discussed, and as a result, the occurrence mechanism and early warning response of roof disaster are clarified. To roof rock mass fragmenting and instability in a small area, the sliding and leaking and caving mechanism and key catastrophe factors are analyzed, and the characteristics and measurement method of rock mass loosening and bed separation are considered, and consequently the theory of catastrophe and early warning is proposed. With regard to mine roof disaster risk, the key exploration theory and method, evaluation index system and evaluation method are probed, and then the risk degree is calculated and evaluated according different areas. On the basis of the critical index system and early warning theory and expert system, the early warning system is set up. By this research project, the occurring mechanism, early warning theory, and evaluation and early warning system of mine roof disaster will provide the key theoretical and technical safeguard for prediction and prevention of roof accidents, and advance safe and sustainable mining with high efficiency in mining industry.

矿山顶板灾害是我国矿业各类灾害中发生频率最高和死亡人数最多的灾害，并导致了巨大的经济损失。本项目根据顶板灾害的活动特征和岩体环境，通过探索采掘工程扰动岩体的应力位移场演化及顶板岩体破坏灾变过程中物理信息和前兆特征，揭示顶板灾害产生的基本力学机制；研究顶板大面积破断失稳的力学模型、准则、工程灾变条件以及采动岩板断裂扩展进程与反弹压缩场和地球物理讯息的关系，阐明其致灾机理和预警响应；研究顶板岩体局部破碎失稳的滑漏垮机理、灾变关键因素及岩体松散离层特征和识别方法，提出相应的灾变与预警理论。探究矿山顶板灾害风险的关键探测理论和方法、评估指标体系及评估方法，实现风险程度分区量化评估；基于顶板灾害的临界预警指标体系、临界预警方法和预警专家系统，构建顶板灾害的预警系统。本项目形成的矿山顶板灾害发生机理、预警理论及评估预警系统将为顶板事故预报预防提供关键理论和技术保障，促进矿业安全高效可持续开采。

我国矿山顶板灾害威胁严重，顶板事故目前是我国矿山各类事故中发生频率最高、死亡人数最多的事故。本项目开展了矿山采掘中的顶板灾害致灾机理和预警理论基础研究，重点探索了矿山顶板灾害活动特征、致灾机理、风险预估量化和预警系统的一整套内容，取得了如下创新性研究成果：.（1）研究了矿山顶板灾害形态与围岩体环境的关系；得到了采掘工程扰动岩体的应力位移场演化规律及破坏机理；揭示了采动顶板岩体的劣化过程中引起的震动和红外的前兆信号分布特征，明确了矿山顶板灾害活动特征和力学机制。.（2）建立矿山大面积基本顶岩板的结构力学模型，提出基本顶破断的kDL效应；指出不同条件下的基本顶破断形态并获得砌体板结构失稳的临界条件和支护物的最低支护阻力；阐明了基本顶断裂过程中反弹压缩分区演化和监测预警方法。分别建立了顶板局部关键块体滑落、松散漏冒和分离薄层化垮落的力学模型，得出了局部岩体失稳的力学过程和关键影响因素，确定了局部工程灾变的极限条件和控制方法。.（3）研究了矿山顶板异常地质构造的探地雷达信号特征和方法，探析了顶板岩层岩性与钻进信号之间的动态响应理论；建立了煤层顶板灾害风险评估指标体系和分级方法，实现了分类指标的量化处理；开发了顶板灾害风险程度分区量化的可视化软件。.（4）研究得出了矿山顶板灾害预警指标、相应权重和临界值确定方法，形成了临界预警指标体系；获取了顶板支护体异常引发的信号特征和拾取方法并确定了异常信号判据；构建了矿山顶板灾害综合预警模型，开发了相应专家系统。.项目取得的指标性成果有：获国家科技进步二等奖1项，国家技术发明二等奖1项，其他省部级奖励11项；发表论文119篇，其中SCI、EI收录68篇；出版专著3部；授权发明专利10项，实用新型专利28项，软件著作权1项；培养毕业博士19人，硕士92人。.项目研究在矿山顶板灾害发生机理、预警理论及评估预警系统方面已取得突出进展，为顶板事故预报预防提供了关键理论和技术保障。