空间正义语境下的乡村旅游区农户生计空间权益协同与格局优化研究

Justice has always been an important proposition in rural tourism research. Space capitalization has already become the core development model of tourism industry. At the beginning of its embedding into the rural economic system, its “livelihood spaces contention” with the farmers had already began. The industry excludes the farmers out of good-quality production space and can’t become the sovereignty and the gainer of space material. The main reason lies in that as the production material, space demonstrates comparably strong concealment and deception. Therefore, facing the practical problem, it need to look for new theory and make some breakthroughs on the fundamental theory of farmers’ livelihood spaces. The project brings forward the ideal which is based on the concept “space is power”, constructs “tourism capital embedding-- contraction and transformation of famers` livelihood spaces-- transformation of powers and interests of livelihood space -- powers and interests coordination of livelihood spaces” jointed research process: it uses the recognition framework of constructing farmers’ livelihood space driven by tourism to redefine its connotation and extension; and it constructs the recognition framework of livelihood space’s “powers” and “interests” , establishes gene database and spatial distribution pattern of farmers ‘livelihood space from the perspective of a gene atlas; and it constructs the cognitive framework and evaluation methods of "powers" and " interests " of livelihood spaces, draw a panorama of the powers and interests of farmers ‘livelihood space, and identifies the patches of mismatch of the powers and interests of livelihood space. It takes the justice demands of space as the objective constraint, constructs the coordination model of the powers and interests of farmers' livelihood spaces, deducts the effective paths of allocation and circulation of the powers and interests of livelihood space, explores the path of optimizing spatial pattern in the zone of mismatch of the powers and interests, and putting forward some strategies and suggestions for realizing the spatial justice of farmers ‘livelihood in tourist areas.

“正义”一直以来作为乡村旅游研究中的重要命题。资本空间化业已成为旅游产业的核心发展模式。在其嵌入到乡村经济之初，就开始了与农户的“生计空间”争夺，将农户被排斥出优质生产空间，使之无法成为空间资源的主权者与获利者。究其原因，空间作为生产资料，呈现隐蔽性与欺骗性。面对该问题，需要寻找到新的理论工具，在农户生计空间基础理论上有所突破。课题提出立足“空间即权力”理念，搭建起“旅游资本嵌入—生计空间收缩与转化—生计空间权力与价值流转—生计空间权益协同”联动研究过程：架构旅游区农户生计空间的认知框架，引入“基因图谱”视角建立农户生计空间的基因数据库与空间分布格局；构建生计空间“权”与“益”的认知框架与评判方法，绘制出农户生计空间权益的全景图，识别生计空间的权益失配斑块；以空间正义诉求为目标约束，构建农户生计空间权益协同模型，探索权益失配地带的空间格局优化路径，提出实现旅游区农户生计空间正义的策略建议。

旅游依赖于乡村空间，农户生计空间将作为极具价值的旅游空间资本。确立农户生计空间权益，厘清生计空间的内涵与范畴，是作为确立农户获取权力、分享价值的资本依据。课题解析旅游驱动下农户生计空间的内涵与外延，分析生计空间权益均衡状况，形成“产业嵌入—空间转向—空间权益流转—空间权益协同”研究思路。课题对山东省马套村进行实证研究，具体如下：①乡村农户生计空间的基因识别与图谱绘制。采用基因图谱理念对农户生计空间进行梳理识别，建立以地理空间、经济空间与社会空间三个维度的空间基因库，归纳三类空间基因元的空间分布特征。②乡村生计空间转向的特征分析与影响因素研究。采用空间句法模型对要素、结构进行量化，以空间形态的演变解析乡村经济社会结构的发展规律。③居民空间权益感知对旅游参与意愿的影响研究。构建乡村农户空间权益对参与旅游产业意愿影响机理的结构方程模型，指出空间权力感知与空间获益期望呈现显著正向作用，居民行为态度在自我印象一致的调节作用下负向影响参与意愿；且越靠近旅游空间，居民自我形象的负面影响作用越强。④乡村生计空间权益格局的识别与分析。采用参与式制图的研究方法，引入SoLVES模型对乡村旅游空间权益分布进行量化分析，并分析环境变量对空间权益分布的影响作用。⑤空间正义驱动下乡村旅游农户生计空间的格局优化的策略建议。以农户生计空间基因的空间格局图谱为底图，将空间“权益”进行叠置，按照两者的配置状况，将生计空间分为四种类型：中心空间、诉求空间、边缘空间、留置空间。中心空间作为权益均衡类型、诉求空间与留置空间为权益失配类型，并对不同权益类型的空间提出优化的策略建议：应在确立乡村生计空间识别与认知模式的基础上，建立乡村旅游区农户生计空间物权的保护机制；强调级差地租效应对空间权益分布的影响作用，规范乡村生计空间的转向模式；开放更多的乡村旅游产业空间，推进自下而上的旅游规划制度进而探索实现权益协同的优化路径。