不规则材料的数控加工与实时三维扫描在建筑设计中的应用

This project focuses on the utilization of irregular materials in architecture. Contemporary design methods are incomplete in processing materials of complex shape, especially inadequate in handling natural materials with rich internal structures and textures. Due to the rapid development of digital fabrication and 3D vision systems, it becomes feasible to catch the geometric and textural information of materials and to manipulate the materials automatically. Thus this project proposes the integration of CNC machines with 3D scan tools. It aims at intelligent manipulation of complex materials, which enables the machines to interact with the real-time state of the materials. It is important to notice that traditional craftsmanship is characterized as creative reading and handling of the temporal information of materials. Therefore, this project would translate the craftsmanship into the samples of digital database. Each sample includes both the state of the material under processing and the corresponding manipulation strategy. The database can be applied to the fabrication process by Case-based Reasoning. By connecting CNC machines, 3D scanners and sample library, this research will extend the methods and measures for manipulating irregular materials, and benefit the translation of traditional craftsmanship in the digital era.

本项目关注不规则材料在建筑设计中的应用，指出现有的设计方式无法处理形态复杂的材料，更无法对天然原材料复杂的内部结构与肌理进行创造性地运用。借助日益成熟的数控建造技术和三维视觉技术，我们既能方便地获取任意材料的几何与纹理信息，也能准确地进行自动化地加工生产。因此本项目提出对三维扫描系统和数控加工系统进行整合，实现对复杂材料的智能化加工，尤其是对材料在加工过程中暴露出来的性状做出实时回应。值得注意的是，传统手工工艺能够对被加工材料的即时性状进行创造性地解读和处理。所以本项目将对相关传统工艺进行系统化、数字化地整理，建立关于材料状态和设计加工策略的数据库。利用案例式推理（Case-based Reasoning）方法可以把数据库中的样本有效地应用到数控加工过程当中。通过整合数控加工、三维扫描、先例数据库这三个系统，本研究力求拓展建筑师对不规则材料的设计手段和方法，并促进传统手工工艺的技术转型。

在德国提出“工业4.0”计划与我国发布《智能制造发展规划（2016-2020年）》的背景下，本项目基于建筑学探索数控建造技术。主要研究了复杂形状构筑物的数字化设计与数控加工技术，从材料特性、数控设备(CNC)、运算三个方面开展科研。结合工业机器人，实验了木质纤维板的铣削、高密度泡沫塑料的热线切割、机器人与用户互动等新技术。初步建立了运算化设计与建造（computational design & fabrication）的理论体系和技术手段。本项目在研发期间共发表了3篇SCI论文，在《建筑学报》发表论文1篇。用数控加工的方式建成了一系列复杂构筑物, 参加展览2次。发布了http://labaaa.org开源代码库，成为国际上第一个基于Java语言的KUKA机器人编程工具。本项目凸现了建筑行业在数字化智能建造中的角色，揭示建筑学需要从算法、数控加工工艺、材料研究三个方向深化智能建造技术。