藏羚各地理种群迁徙路径及遗传多样性研究

The Tibetan antelope (Chiru，Pantholops hodgsonii), as the class I protected animal of China and an endangered species in the world, is mainly distributed in the high-altitude, serve cold regions of the northwestern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, such as Hohxil Area and Three River Source Area in Qinghai, Aerhchin Mountain Area in Xinjiang, and Qiangtang area in Tibet. Seasonal migration is an important habit for Tibetan antelope because of its necessity for special calving, which has been noted worldwide in the past several decades. Particularly, the Tibetan antelope has undergone dramatic decline of population size and severe population fragmentation in recent years, mainly due to poaching and curtailment of the habitats. Therefore, the Chinese government, conservation scientists and other conservative organizations have paid great attention to the Tibetan antelope because its survival is highly dependent on effective conservations. However, continuous tracing its migration path and investigation on the genetic feature, which is critical for designing effective conservation policies, remains difficulty because of the very pool natural environment on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. .So far，the paths, times, and important stopovers of the chiru's migration remain unclear, whilst the genetic diversity of the four geographical populations is pooly investigated. In this study, the migration paths of each geographical population will be determined using multiple approaches including satellite tracking, infrared cameras monitoring and field monitoring. Meanwhile, environmental factors such as climate, food, water and soil will be analyzed to further explore the relationship between the migration and natural environment changes. Moreover, hide、tissue and feces of the Tibetan antelope will be collected for probing into the genetic diversity and its linkage to the migration path. Finally, we expect to provide not only scientific suggestions on protection of the Tibetan Antelope and its living environments, but also technical supporting for the biodiversity protection of Tibetan antelope.

藏羚主要分布在青海可可西里、青海三江源、新疆阿尔金山和西藏羌塘等海拔4000m以上的高寒地区，属国家Ⅰ级保护动物。迁徙是藏羚重要的习性。由于藏羚在迁徙过程中经过的路线及产仔地自然条件极度恶劣,致使对其持续跟踪进而研究的难度很大。目前为止,对藏羚迁徙路径、时间、停歇地等的研究基本处于空白，各地理种群遗传多样性只进行过初步性研究。本项目将利用已佩戴的卫星跟踪项圈数据确定藏羚迁徙路径、停歇地及停留时间等；结合遥感影像和实地调查，进一步收集气候、食物、水、土壤等环境因素；采集藏羚各地理种群的皮张、组织、粪便等材料进行遗传多样性分析，最终确定藏羚各地理种群的迁徙路径，揭示各地理种群的遗传多样性特征。为保护藏羚及栖息地，制定科学的管理措施提供依据，同时为藏羚的生物多样性保护提供技术支撑。

藏羚是青藏高原特有物种，其适应高原环境的生物生态学特征一直受到科学界的关注，因前些年的盗猎活动，青藏铁路等工程设施的建设和运营，以及全球气候变化等因素，该物种更引起了社会各界乃至国际上的热议。目前科学界和社会各界对了解藏羚繁殖迁徙习性的动因、路线及迁徙过程的不利因子仍非常关注。. 2013年由西北濒危动物研究所（陕西省动物研究所）、西藏自治区林业厅、西藏羌塘国家级保护区管理局以及中国航天科技集团772所等单位联合组成科考团，先后4次深入西藏羌塘国家级自然保护区，对藏羚种群迁徙、产仔、栖息特点、越冬交配等生物学特性进行了全面的科学考察和详实的影音记录。. 项目研究成果主要是：（1）目前携带卫星定位项圈的藏羚与南部青海曲麻莱地区、西藏羌塘地区、西北方阿尔金山地区的种群之间，没有出现明显的种群交流，种群关系相对稳定；（2）藏羚迁徙并非沿单一方向进行，而是以主要产仔地为中心，呈辐射状迁徙，（3）藏羚在迁徙时有相对固定的停歇地，迁徙时间逐年提前，具体原因有待继续研究后揭示；（4）影响藏羚迁徙的因素很多，但总体规律是：气候冷的时候往低海拔（气温高）的地方迁徙；气候热的时候往高海拔（气温低）的地方迁徙；迁徙时多经过有水源的地方和水草条件比较好的地方，穿越较低的山口，同时也是寻找比较安全的地方；(5)发现目前为止藏羚的最大产房，约10万只以上，位于西藏羌塘自然保护区甜水河至色吾雪山一带；（6）我国自主研发的“北斗卫星定位项圈”在藏羚迁徙研究中首次应用成功；（7）中国中央电视台新闻中心全程直播了本项目的科考工作。