考虑全过程风险评估的危险货物铁公联运优化理论与方法研究

Rail-road intermodal transportation is an effective mode for long-distance inland transportation of hazardous materials. It is now widely used due to the fact that it could not only make full use of the flexibility of road transportation, but also effectively utilize the scale economy and low risk characteristics of railway transportation. However, compared with the actual demand, existing works are more concentrated on the fields of single-mode transportation of hazardous materials and multimodal transportation of ordinary goods. Few literatures involve the complex network design and route optimization problems in multimodal transportation of hazardous materials. Meanwhile, only related researches could not comprehensively describe the actual operation characteristics. Hence, it is urgent to develop optimization theories and methods for rail-road intermodal transportation of hazardous materials on the basis of risk assessment through the whole procedures. Based on the system analysis and risk management theories, we firstly study the environmental interaction attributes and risk formation mechanisms of hazardous materials in the rail haul operation, road drayage operation and intermediate transfer operation. A risk assessment model through the whole procedures with considerations of all types of hazardous materials and transportation procedures is constructed. Then, guided by the mathematical optimization, network optimization and multi-objective optimization theories, we study models and algorithms to the network design problem with multiple kinds of materials and multiple commodities. By incorporating many special characteristics of railway transportation including scale of economy, fixed time table and service time window, we further design models and algorithms to the routing optimization problem with considerations on the attributes of transportation mode and route. Our outputs could provide certain theoretical guidelines and technological supports to optimize the mode structure of hazardous materials transportation, and reduce the economic cost and environmental risk in the whole logistics system.

铁公联运既能充分发挥公路运输的灵活性特点，又能有效利用铁路运输的规模经济及低风险特性，是危险货物长距离陆路运输的有效模式，现被广泛采用。然而，与其实际需求相比，既有研究更集中于危险货物单式运输和普通货物多式联运领域，对危险货物联运中的复杂网络设计与路径优化问题鲜有涉及，仅有研究未全面刻画实际运营特点，亟待研究基于全过程风险评估的危险货物铁公联运优化理论与方法。基于系统分析和风险管理理论，研究危险货物在铁路长途运输、公路短途接驳、换装过程中的环境交互属性及风险形成机理，构建考虑多品类多环节的全过程风险评估模型。基于此，以数学优化、网络优化和多目标优化理论为支撑，研究具有多品类多商品的网络设计模型与算法，并考虑铁路运输规模经济效益、固定时刻表和服务时间窗特性，研究考虑运输方式和路径属性的路径优化模型与算法。研究结果可为优化危险货物运输方式结构、降低整个物流系统费用和风险提供理论与技术支持。

铁公联运既囊括铁路运输的成本和风险优势，又具备公路运输灵活性特点，是危险货物长距离陆路运输的常用模式。项目主要利用现代数学优化理论和方法探讨其中的物理网络设计、服务网络设计及路径优化问题。.首先研究了风险评估问题。根据铁公联运流程及其特点，建立了以期望风险为基础的全过程风险评估模型，并以风险为目标分别建立了单商品流、多商品流路径优化模型。测试结果显示，铁公联运模式具备较强的风险优势。.然后探讨了物理网络设计问题。以最小化总成本和总风险为目标，考虑运到时间限制和办理站能力等约束，分别构建了p-hub模型和基于点弧模型思想的多商品网络设计模型。为该模型和后续多目标模型定制了通用的线性加权求和算法、增广加权切比雪夫算法和增广ε-约束算法。算例分析结果表明，增广ε-约束算法在非支配解的区分度上更占优势；另外，提升办理点能力可降低总成本和总风险。.接着探讨了服务网络设计问题。巧妙运用统一化手段构造出基本服务网络，综合考虑普通和危险货物、货物与服务的相容性、办理站能力限制、货物运到时间限制等因素，建立以最小化总成本和总风险为目标的混合整数线性规划模型。算例分析结果表明，增广ε-约束算法在非支配解的区分度上更占优势；另外，放宽运到时间限制要求和压缩办理点中转时间均能降低总成本和总风险。.最后探讨了路径优化问题。结合固定时刻表和服务时间窗特点，构造出铁公联运时空服务网络。考虑铁路运输的规模经济特性，建立了以总费用和总风险最小为目标，囊括所有运营和能力约束、各批货物运到时间限制因素等的多目标非线性模型，并将模型进行了线性化。算例分析结果表明，增广ε-约束算法可确保非支配解均匀分布、有效避免冗余计算，并在更侧重费用目标下有非常好的表现；另外，适当放宽运到时间限制或压缩铁-公中转时间，均可降低总费用和总风险。.项目研究成果可以完善我国危险货物铁公联运网络优化理论体系和方法，并为相关决策者提供有价值的辅助决策工具。