土地资源禀赋空间异质、资源错配与效率改进：以武汉城市圈为例

The potential growth rate of economic in China is declining due to the abatement of supply factors. To deal with this new round of economic growth, it is high time to optimize the resource allocation and improve its efficiency as well. However, the spatial heterogeneity of land resource endowment in China is remarkable, which leads misallocations of land resource. On the one hand, under the market mechanism where the resource allocation is guided by efficiency, it lacks of fairness and the negative externality of land appears frequently. On the other hand, under the government mechanism, the configuration for the first time dominant by fairness can lead the phenomenon such as regional competition and industrial isomorphism, while for the second configuration, it may turn to excessive intervention or insufficient to correction. Consequentially, these two kinds of misallocation of land resources must cause the loss of allocation efficiency and decreasing productivity, which is harmful to resource conservation and economic growth. Based on the estimate of spatial heterogeneity of land resource endowment, including quantity, quality, structure and their relations, this research will explore the function mechanism on land resource misallocation from market and government respectively and measure the misallocation degree of land resources department (department misallocation and spatial misallocation) and efficiency loss (farmland farming loss, farmland excessive conversion loss and spatial allocation efficiency loss). As a result, we will optimize the allocation mechanism of land resource, correct the misallocation of land resources, and provide scientific decision basis to improve the efficiency of resource allocation and output.

随着供给侧因素减弱，我国经济潜在增长率下降，要解决新一轮经济增长问题，必须优化资源配置，提高资源配置效率。然而我国土地资源禀赋空间异质显著，市场机制下，以效率为导向，公平损失、土地负外部性频现，土地资源错配；政府配置机制下，初次配置时政府主导，注重公平，出现地区竞赛、产业同构等现象，再次配置时政府调节，干预过度或纠正不足，土地资源错配。土地资源错配必然带来土地资源配置效率损失和生产率减损，不利于资源节约和经济增长。本研究在测度土地资源数量、质量、结构及其空间组合关系等禀赋空间异质性的基础上，探索土地资源禀赋空间异质对土地资源错配的作用机制（市场错配机制和政府错配机制），衡量土地资源部门错配程度（部门错配和空间错配）与效率损失（农地农用损失、农地过度非农化损失、空间配置效率损失），进而优化土地资源配置机制、纠正土地资源错配，为改进资源配置效率和产出效率提供科学决策依据。

课题围绕土地资源异质性与土地资源错配开展了系统研究。首先通过对土地资源异质性与土地利用效率关系的梳理与分析，提出我国土地资源错配的现实问题与困境，进而依据资源错配理论，梳理和界定了土地资源错配理论。其次，依据资源错配理论，运用生产函数法和边际分析法，构建了土地资源错配测度和效率损失测度模型，并对我国不同尺度的土地资源错配程度、错配类型、效率损失、错配成因、时空特征等进行了探讨。其次，进一步对土地资源错配的作用机制进行了理论分析与实证检验，为优化土地资源配置机制提供了理论依据。最后，基于上述研究结果，以纠正土地资源错配为切入点，界定土地资源市场配置与政府配置的角色和地位，并从部门错配、空间错配、机制优化设计等方面，提出我国土地资源配置优化策略与实施路径。研究结果表明：我国土地资源错配的时空差异显著，中西部土地错配程度较高，但效益损失主要集中在东部地区。总体来看，我国土地资源错配和效益损失程度呈下降趋势，但由于土地资源部门和空间收益差存在，错配效益损失值仍在增加。当前土地资源错配已经成为阻碍经济增长的重要因素之一，纠正土地资源错配，能有效促进区域经济增长。调整土地资源部门和空间配置量、缩小部门和地区土地边际产出效益差异是纠正土地资源错配的根本路径。促进区域经济发展、实施区域协调发展战略、制定差别化土地政策、推进用地指标跨区域市场交易等有助于纠正土地资源错配。另外，土地资源市场配置和政府主导配置均会带来土地资源错配，土地资源配置中“有效的市场”与“有为的政府”结合十分必要且迫切。本研究将资源错配理论拓展到土地资源，系统构建了土地资源错配测度与效率损失模型，为定量研究土地资源错配、探讨土地资源错配机制提供了新的思路与方法，同时从错配视角探讨土地资源错配效率损失与作用机制，也能为土地资源配置效率提升与机制改进提供新的切入点。