越冬珍稀鹤类地理分布对自然湿地土地利用变化的响应机制

Shengjin Lake Wetland in Anhui province was one of the international importance wetlands, it had important significance to study the land use change on the impact of rare overwintering Cranes population and its distribution based on remote sensing combined with the observation data. It was very important to study on the interaction mechanism between land use process and spatial distribution of birds under the agricultural development and human activities .Traditional research on land use change and its ecological effect had played an important role, but it was difficult to analyze quantitatively the effect of process on bird spatial geographic distribution of land use from the landscape scale，it is also very difficult to analysis the response mechanism of natural wetland birds based on land use change in the temporal and spatial pattern . In the project, Whether or not the habitat of birds being damaged was as a link, long time series of TM remote sensing data were interpreted, besides, also detailed statistical data and rare bird populations, number, distribution of observation and survey data were chosen. Using the theory of landscape ecology, the mathematical model and GIS analysis and other methods, types and transformation of the pattern of land use were analyzed from the time, space and process, Cranes bird habitat index system was established from the land use, landscape, vegetation, terrain, water, interference effects, fuzzy mathematical comprehensive method was constructed for the bird habitat ecological suitability evaluation model based on AHP. By this means, the cranes and land use changes in number and distribution of the population between the qualitative and quantitative relation can be clarified, the cranes on the natural wetland land use change response mechanism would be revealed. Through this project, it would be expected to reveal the main influence factors typical wetland rare overwintering crane population distribution in the Yangtze River Basin, it could provide the theoretical basis for the protection of birds in similar natural wetland and ecological restoration in China

安徽省升金湖是国际重要湿地，在农业开发和人类活动作用下，研究其土地利用过程与鸟类地理分布相互作用机理具有重要意义。传统的土地利用生态效应很少从景观尺度上对鸟类种群空间地理分布进行定量研究，也很难从时空格局上分析鸟类对自然湿地土地利用变化的响应机制。本项目以越冬珍稀鹤类栖息地是否受损为纽带，解译长时间序列TM遥感影像，利用统计资料和鸟类观测数据，采用景观生态理论、数学模型和GIS分析等方法，从时间、空间和过程上分析土地利用变化及其格局，建立土地利用、景观、植被、地形、水文、干扰等影响鹤类栖息地综合地理指标体系，基于层次分析模糊数学综合法构建鹤类栖息地生态适宜性评价模型，厘清鹤类种群数量及其分布与土地利用变化之间的定性与定量关系，阐明鹤类对自然湿地土地利用变化的响应机制。通过本项目研究，有望揭示影响长江流域典型湿地越冬珍稀鹤类种群分布的主要因子，为我国相似自然湿地鸟类保护和生态修复提供理论基础

升金湖自然湿地位于中国长江中下游的池州市，总面积33340 hm2，是国际重要湿地和候鸟越冬栖息地。本项目主要研究内容包括土地利用变化过程及其驱动机理、越冬鹤类栖息地生态适宜性评价模型构建和越冬鹤类对土地利用变化的响应机制。根据1986-2015年、8期、同时相的TM土地利用遥感解译结果，采用像元二分法提取NDVI值，利用Fragstats软件筛选景观指数，建立土地利用、植被、景观指数、地形、水文、干扰等综合地理因子数据库，分析不同土地利用类型变化特征及其时空格局。近30年来，升金湖湿地土地利用变化显著，变化最大的土地利用类型为建设用地，其次是泥滩地，变化最小的是水域。人口和气候因子是土地利用变化的主要驱动因子。升金湖湿地越冬鹤类种群数量逐渐减少，其大多分布于上湖，中湖和下湖。越冬鹤类地理分布主要集中于草滩地，泥滩地，芦苇滩地，水田和浅水滩地。鹤类地理分布对土地利用变化的响应粒度为30m-50m。鹤类栖息地呈现分散化和破碎化趋势，其栖息地面积和质量持续下降，鹤类栖息地保护和生态修复亟待解决。通过实地调查和统计分析，鹤类数量与各栖息地类型关联度差异较大。其中，鹤类与芦苇滩地关联较大。通过模糊数学、德尔菲等方法对鹤类生境适宜性进行了评价。结果表明，越冬鹤类的栖息地质量在逐年降低，生境质量的适宜性与鹤类数量呈正相关。根据样线法和样点法等方法，采集鹤类栖息地环境信息，运用主成分分析法分析了鹤类栖息地选择的主要影响因子，结果表明，影响鹤类栖息地选择的主要因子包括浮游植物生物量、水位、植被高度、道路距离和居民地距离。通过对升金湖湿地的生产功能、保护功能、调节功能和文化功能的价值进行核算，升金湖自然湿地2015年的生态服务功能总价值为10.79亿元。升金湖自然湿地被世界自然基金会列为具有世界意义的40个自然保护区之一，是珍稀白头鹤种群重要的越冬栖息地。本项目从时间、空间和过程上深入研究了越冬鹤类地理分布对土地利用变化的响应机制，为珍稀鹤类保护提供重要的理论依据。