基于地方创业视角的产业集群转型机制研究——以珠江三角洲为例

With the development of evolutionary economic geography, industrial cluster evolution has become one of the research focuses. Nevertheless, the systematic analysis of a large body of literature shows that the bottom-up constructing process for industrial clusters based on micro-scale agents is less explicitly concerned in cluster studies. Againt the context of transition from planned-economy to market-economy as well as economic restructuring in China, entrepreneurship is playing a more and more important role in cluster development. Therefore, the investigation on the mechanisms of industrial cluster restructuring from the perspective of entrepreneurial agents in this study appears particularly needy. Taken the Pearl River Delta as the primary case study area, this study aims to investigate the causality relationship and coupling mechanism between local entrepreneurship and industrial cluster restructuring by introducing the theories from relational and institutional economic geography into evolutionary economic geography. In the empirical study, three industrial clusters in the Pearl River Delta are taken as the case areas, i.e. Guangzhou automobile industrial cluster, Shenzhen electronics industrial cluster and Foshan appliance industrial cluster, in which the primary cluster agents are different. With a particular focus on the heterogeneity and intentionality of entrepreneurial agents, the interacting relationships between different types of local entrepreneurial agents and other cluster agents as well as the upper-level institutional structure are further explored, and the resulting spatial effect generated by these strategic behaviors under the balance of power relations of different scales is interpreted. Ultimately, a theoretical framework of dynamic cluster restructuring based on local entrepreneurial agent and structure is proposed. From a theoretical point of view, the study intends to open up new perspective to the existing industrial evolution study and extends the understanding on cluster dynamic mechanism within the context of economic and political transition in China. From a practical point of view, fresh thoughts can be brought into the efforts of economic and industrial restructuring from the perspective of local entrepreneurship, and more locality and entrepreneur groups pertinent policy implications should be made from the study.

伴随着演化经济地理学的发展，产业集群演化成为其中的关注重点之一，但基于微观层面上的行动者对产业集群自下而上的构建过程还缺乏探讨。在中国市场经济体制改革和经济转型的宏观背景下，创业企业和创业家正成长为集群演变发展的重要主体。因此，课题从地方创业主体的视角剖析其对集群转型的作用机制就显得尤为必要。以珠江三角洲为主要案例地，课题在演化经济地理学的基础上引入关系和制度经济地理学的理论视角，探讨地方创业与产业集群转型的因果关系和耦合机理，旨在深入认识不同类型的地方创业主体与其他集群主体和制度结构的互动关系，阐释这些战略行为在不同尺度的权力关系制衡下的空间效果，进而构建基于地方创业主体-结构的动态集群转型理论体系，以期为现有集群转型的研究开辟新的研究视角，拓宽转型背景下对集群动态性机制的旧有理解，并力图从地方创业视角提出经济和产业转型的新思路，提供更具有地方和创业群体针对性的政策性建议。

在我国经济和产业发展转型的背景下，新创企业及其创业活动正成为中国产业集群的重要驱动力，本项目针对地方创业活动的区域结构因素和微观驱动机制进行了深入研究，主要结论有：（1）地方创业过程是创业家与集群内其他主体之间关系网络的制度- 权力实践过程，并能最终提高集群弹性，促进集群转型和更新。（2）在研究案例地广东省，城市专业化和多样化经济的产业知识，存在对临近城市的溢出效应，间接反映了企业和企业家跨城市网络的存在。（3）地方化经济是企业选择网络伙伴的重要空间变量，其中企业客户的地方集聚是建立企业-政府关系的重要影响因素。（4）企业家的制度创业行为是边缘城市进行集群升级的重要途径，本地企业家通过能动性行为积极构建跨地方的合作网络，并通过多尺度的认同反馈战略，建立全球学习管道。（5）集群内成功企业家正面的示范效应是集群促进创业意愿产生的主要因素，而个人在集群内商业网络的社会根植程度能促进潜在创业家对原所在集群的区位偏好，从而促进创业活动的本地化发展。（6）创业企业的衍生特性比集聚经济对企业竞争力的作用更大，产业集群的衍生动力也存在异质性。对家电产业而言，较高的发展绩效更多的来自于本地衍生的先天优势，而对汽车产业而言，与衍生母公司在成立之后的组织临近具有和地理临近的协同效应，并在提升专有技术竞争力方面表现得最为明显。本项目有以下几点理论意义。（1）揭示中宏观尺度的集群结构和制度框架与微观尺度上地方创业主体实践之间的动态关系，挑战了区域发展中的“结构决定论”，弥补了经济地理学对于产业转型过程中微观个体行为研究的不足。（2）填补了当前集群研究和创业研究之间的空白，解答了创业家在产业集群背景下的成长路径和区位选择机制，强调主动根植对本地创业机制的作用。（3）批判了经济地理中以集聚经济解释企业竞争力的观点，认为应该更加关注集群企业的创立背景和衍生特点，指出应建立动态的多尺度反馈框架理解企业竞争力。