城市形态可分辨的数值模拟研究——气候适应型城市规划

Innovating sustainable urban planning concept-making cities more climatic adaptation is related to urban sustainable development. It is a significant task for ecological civilization construction. Modern urbanization and development bring great influence to local climate and environment. However, the application of urban climate towards sustainable urban planning is still very limited. This project takes Beijing as the demonstration case, incorporating climatic and environmental information into urban planning practices and ecological city construction for ensuring that science-based planning provides a more sustainable, healthy, and comfortable living situation. ArcGIS-embedded methodology is developed to calculate urban morphology characteristic parameters based on vector-format building data and land-use data. Two-dimensional urban canopy parameters (UCPs) are incorporated into the WRF/Noah/SLUCM and WRF/Noah/BEP modelling system, making the heterogeneous underlying surface into account. The seasonal urban climate characteristics of Beijing are simulated by WRF/Noah/BEP modelling system with distinguishable urban morphology. Combining with the urban climatic analysis map of Beijing, urban climate resource space, urban climate sensitive space and urban climate compensation space are delimited, and further identifying urban climatic problems. What’s more, the urban climate resources which can be utilized in urban planning are quantitatively detected by numerical simulations. It mainly consists of urban heat island circulation, urban fresh-air ventilation paths and ecological cold source compensation zone. Finally, a series of available mitigation measures and climatic spatial planning guidelines will be put forward to improve the urban climatic conditions. High-density cities or mega-cities are becoming an increasing trend due to rapid urbanization in developing countries. Sustainable climatic spatial planning is one of the most important tasks and challenges for planners and policy-makers entering an era of mega-urbanization during on-going climate change and public concern for high-quality urban living.

创新气候适应型城市规划理念，积极适应气候变化，事关城市可持续发展，是生态文明建设的一项重大课题。现代城市化发展给当地气候和环境带来巨大影响，然而城市规划对城市气候信息的应用却非常有限。本项目以北京为例，发展城市形态学特征参数计算方法，开展城市形态可分辨的数值模拟研究，实现在城市-城郊尺度数值模拟中“显式”反映城市冠层几何形态特征的影响；开展北京不同季节城市气候特征模拟研究，结合北京城市气候综合分析图，划定城市气候资源空间、城市气候敏感空间和城市气候待偿空间，明确城市气候问题；开展城市空间规划可以利用的城市气候资源模拟分析，主要包括：城市热岛环流、城市清洁空气廊道和生态冷源补偿区；最终提出一系列合理利用城市气候资源，缓解城市气候问题的气候适应型空间规划指引。本研究推动在城市规划中充分考虑城市气候和气候变化因素，为科学制定气候适应型城市规划、城市发展战略提供新方法和理论依据。

本研究基于建筑物矢量数据，发展了城市形态学特征参数计算方法，建立了北京城市冠层数据集；并将高分辨率城市冠层数据集引入中尺度数值模式WRF和多层城市冠层模式BEP，开展考虑城市下垫面非均匀性的数值模拟方法研究，改进其对城市近地面气象场的模拟性能；运用城市形态可分辨的数值模拟系统（WRF/Noah/BEP），研究北京不同季节城市气候特征，明确北京不同季节城市气候问题和有益于城市规划的城市气候资源，并发展基于高分辨率数值模拟的城市清洁空气廊道构建方法；通过观测分析和数值模拟，研究北京地区城市热岛和高温热浪的协同作用，阐明城市热岛和高温热浪协同演变中的关键因子和物理过程；评估了北京城市热环境和城市风流通潜力，划分城市气候资源空间、城市气候敏感空间和城市气候待偿空间，明确城市气候问题；建立集静态的城市气候现状评估、气象灾害风险区划和动态的高分辨率数值模拟于一体的城市环境气候图系统。.创新气候适应型城市规划理念，积极适应气候变化，事关城市可持续发展，是生态文明建设的一项重大课题。本研究以北京为例，开展城市环境气候图系统构建方法研究，建立跨学科的交流与协作信息平台，推动在城市规划中充分考虑城市气候和气候变化因素，加强气象灾害风险评估，为指导科学制定气候适应型城市规划、城市发展战略提供新方法，为将来的城市规划的修订，提供理论依据。