大数据驱动下的公共服务供需精准匹配机制研究

Public service is one of the fundamental functions of governments at all levels in China. It guarantees the improvement of people’s living standards and helps to meet people's growing needs for a better life. Under the background of the slow growth of public finance revenue, rapid development of public demands and the sustainable growth of government expenditures on public services have become a new normal. In order to solve the problems of “mismatching supply and demand” and “low quality and inefficiency” caused by the disjunction between supply and demand of public services in practice under this “new normal”, the project explains the connotation of the precise matching of supply and demand in public services , analyzes the coupling relationship between big data and precise matching of supply and demand in public services, and extracts the factors that may affect the precise matching between supply and demand of public services under big-data driven. Furthermore, it reveals the key matters that should be paid more attentions to building the precise matching mechanism of supply and demand in public services. On this basis, according to the frame of the service supply chain management theory, a comprehensive and systematic precise matching mechanism of supply and demand in public services that are driven by big data is designed in the project. Combining with the simulation based on system dynamics in the operation process of this mechanism, the project puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations and implementation measures of safeguards.

公共服务是我国各级政府的基本职能之一，对保障和改善民生，满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要具有重要影响。面对公共财政收入增长乏力，而公众需求快速发展和公共服务刚性支出持续增长的新常态，为解决实践中公共服务供需双方脱节所导致的 “供需错配”、“低质低效”等问题，本项目通过对公共服务供需精准匹配内涵的阐释，分析大数据与公共服务供需精准匹配间的耦合关系，通过提取影响大数据驱动下公共服务供需实现精准匹配的因素，揭示构建大数据驱动下公共服务供需精准匹配机制需注意的关键问题。在此基础上，依据服务供应链管理理论框架，全面系统的对大数据驱动下公共服务供需精准匹配的机制进行设计，并结合对该机制运行过程的系统动力学模拟仿真分析，提出了相应的政策建议和保障机制实施的措施。

改革开放四十余年来，我国持续快速的经济增长极大地提高了政府的财政收入水平，公共服务供给能力也相应提高。但是在实践中，各级政府逐年增加的公共服务投入，并没有带来公众对公共服务水平和质量满意度的同步提升，“供需错配”“低质低效”等问题依然存在，使我国公共服务陷入资源浪费与供给不足双重困境。在这样的背景下，本项目研究认为，保证公共财政等资源约束下供给与需求的有效连接，需要通过特定的供需精准匹配机制来实现。通过结合大数据特征，围绕大数据的驱动创新作用，研究首先阐释了大数据驱动下公共服务供需精准匹配的概念，并且基于服务供应链（Service Supply Chain, SSC）理论，构建了展现公共服务“需求—决策—执行—评估”这一供需匹配过程的理论框架。考虑“政府-公众-市场-社会”四元主体组成的公共服务合作生产机制，分别从政府能力，服务使用者能力，服务机构能力，外部环境（市场经济环境、信息技术环境）及公共服务特性五方面提炼影响公共服务供需精准匹配的因素，进行实证检验，揭示构建大数据驱动下公共服务供需精准匹配机制需注意的关键问题。在此基础上，利用大数据技术方法对政府公共服务回应效度进行分析，进一步证明大数据背景下，要实现有效的政民互动，既要求公众作为服务使用者的积极参与，更需要政府部门在网络空间对公众公共服务诉求的及时有效回应。接着，以政府购买社区居家养老服务为例，系统揭示了大数据驱动下，政府购买公共服务涉及的多元参与主体，为实现服务绩效提升所进行的信息传递、合作生产和动态监督的运作过程。最后，分别从提升公共服务精准管理意识、创新公共服务体制机制、健全大数据人才培养与智力支持机制和加强大数据基础设施及信息安全标准体系建设，系统提出了实现我国公共服务供需精准匹配的对策建议。