高产花生根系特性及断根对产量形成的调控机制研究

Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) is one of the main oil crops in China. Strengthening the research about the high yield, good quality and high efficient cultivation theory and technology of peanut, has great significance for solving the less edible oil, a deficiency of protein in food structure and the increase of farmers' income. The project is aimed at the weak root research and redundant growth of high-yield peanut which affect the further improvement of peanut yield. It will adopt the method of combining field experiment with the box planting, column planting and nylon bag planting to carry out the studies. The first is to study the root morphological traits, root physiological function, the law of root growth and development of different production level peanut, and to study the relationships with the growth and development, physiological function, material metabolism, hormone levels of the above-ground parts and yield formation, in order to determine the suitable root characteristics of high-yield peanut, and to clarify the morphological and physiological mechanisms of root characteristics regulation of peanut yield formation. The second is to study the effects of root pruning on root characteristics, the growth and development, physiological function, material metabolism, hormone levels of the above-ground parts and yield formation, in order to clear the regulation effect of root pruning on the growth and yield formation of peanut, and to clarify the regulation mechanism of root pruning on the growth and yield formation of peanut. It mainly discusses how to cultivate a robust, suitable underground system for promoting the robust growth of above-ground parts, and achieving high-yield, quality and efficient by the way of root pruning, so that it will propose a combination of peanut suitable root pruning conditions, the best degree of root pruning and root pruning time.

花生是我国主要油料作物之一，加强花生高产优质高效栽培理论与技术研究，对解决食用油量少、食品结构中蛋白质不足和增加农民收入具有重大意义。本项目针对花生根系研究相对薄弱和高产花生存在冗余生长，是影响花生进一步高产的问题，采用大田试验与箱栽、柱栽、尼龙袋栽培试验相结合的方法，一是研究不同产量水平花生根系的形态特征、生理功能、生长发育规律及其与地上部生长发育、生理功能、物质代谢、荚果产量等的关系，确定高产花生的适宜根系特性，阐明花生根系特性调控产量形成的形态学和生理学机制。二是研究断根对花生根系特性、生长发育、生理功能、物质代谢、激素水平和产量形成的影响，明确断根对花生生长发育和产量形成的调控效应，阐明断根调控花生生长发育和产量形成的机制。探讨通过断根技术措施培育出健壮、适宜的地下系统，以促进地上部健壮生长，实现花生高产优质高效的途径，提出适宜花生断根的条件和最佳的断根程度与断根时间组合。

针对花生根系研究相对薄弱，营养生长与生殖生长不协调，影响进一步高产的关键问题，采用大田与箱栽、尼龙袋栽培试验相结合、形态调查与生理生化分析相结合的方法，通过对不同产量水平和根土空间花生比较，研究了高产花生根系特性及其对产量形成的调控效应和机制；通过不同断根时间、断根深度、不同花生苗情、断根培土等试验，研究了断根对花生生长发育和产量形成的调控效应与机制。重要结果为：.1.高产花生根系特性及其对产量形成的调控效应和机制 . 苗旺或苗弱均不利于花生根系发育，培育壮苗利于根系向深土层生长，根系分布合理，后期深层根系活力高。旺苗利于营养生长，不利于生殖生长，苗弱对营养和生殖生长均不利，旺苗能够协调好营养和生殖生长关系，实现高产。根土空间超过一定限度后对花生吸收矿物质元素的影响变小。根土空间过小花生根系、地上部和荚果生长不足，产量低；根土空间过大根系、地上部生长过于繁茂，存在生长冗余，不利于荚果生长，产量也低；适宜根土空间能够保持合理的根系大小，既保证花生对矿物质元素的吸收，又能协调好营养和生殖生长关系，而提高产量。.2.断根对花生生长发育和产量形成的调控效应与机制. 适期断根有利于延缓花生衰老，增加有效有效果针数，减少冗余生长，促进荚果形成。适宜断根时间为花后15-20天。适度断根可控制前期根系和茎叶过快生长，减少后期开花量和无效果针数，促进后期土壤深层根系生长，增加中下部根系比例，延缓衰老，显著提高产量。适宜断根深度为10-15 cm。断根对调节花生根系生长、分布和地上部生长、生理功能的效应以旺苗和壮苗较大，对弱苗的调节效应相对较小。即在旺苗和壮苗上实行断根提高荚果产量的效应大。培土抑制了花生株高生长，提高了单株结果数和功能叶光合能力，延缓了衰老，提高产量。断根培土则综合了断根和培土的优点，表现出正向叠加效应，显著增加产量。.创建了花生断根培土健株高产栽培技术，并进行示范推广，取得了显著的经济社会效益。