我国劳动力市场城乡一体化水平测量及其进程研究

The reform of rural-urban integration of labor market in China has been promoted for more than 30 years. A large amount of studies have been conducted to examine the impediment of rural labor migration and employment barrier to rural migrant worker due to all kinds of discrimination from perspectives such as employment choice opportunity, wage return etc. However, there is still lack of information on the description of the real development of the rural-urban integration of labor market in China. Building on the core idea of 'equal rights' for rural-urban employment, this project will combine three dimensions of 'mobility, segregation, and discrimination' into the content of rural-urban integration, examine the performance of three observational perspectives, which are 'employment choice opportunity, wage return, and social security and welfare', on rural-urban integration by using 'single wage rate' theory, construct an evaluation and assessment system and method for rural-urban integration of labor market, and obtain systematic measurement by using micro-level data from consecutive and long-term survey by official statistical bureau. The project aims to fully reflect the level, stage characteristics, and structure difference of rural-urban integration of labor market and analyze the coordination relationship between rural-urban integration level and corresponding policy institutions in order to understand clearly about the reform procedures of rural-urban integration. Based on above analysis, the study will explore the key point of entry and concrete measures to promote the integration of rural-urban labor market. The data and material produced by this study will provide important basic data for research topics such as labor supply and process of citizenship of rural migrant in China.

我国劳动力市场城乡一体化改革已经推进了三十余年，对农村劳动力转移中的障碍、针对农民工的就业壁垒和各种歧视，学界从择业机会、工资回报等层面展开了大量研究，但是，劳动力市场城乡一体化水平如何，改革究竟取得了怎样的进展，迄今缺乏系统信息。本课题以城乡劳动者就业的"平等权力"为核心思想整合城乡一体化在"流动、分割、歧视"三大维度的内容、以"单一工资率"为理论基础整合城乡一体化在"择业机会、工资回报、社保福利"三个观察层面的表现，构建起劳动力市场城乡一体化测评体系和测评方法，运用官方统计系统中长期连续调查所积累的微观数据开展系统测量，旨在全面反映劳动力市场城乡一体化的水平、阶段特征、结构差异，分析城乡一体化水平与相关政策制度的协变关系，从而对这一改革进程形成清晰的把握，并从中寻求推动劳动力市场城乡一体化的着力点和具体措施。研究形成的测量资料也将为劳动供给研究、农民工市民化进程研究提供重要的基础数据。

我国劳动力市场城乡一体化改革推进了三十余年，学界研究成果颇丰，但关于劳动力市场城乡一体化的整体水平如何，改革究竟取得了怎样的进展，仍缺乏综合系统的信息。本课题以城乡劳动者就业的“权利平等”为核心思想整合城乡一体化在“流动、分割、歧视”三大维度的内容、以“单一工资率”为理论基础整合城乡一体化在“择业机会、工资回报、社保福利”三个观察层面的现实表现，根据“劳动力价格工资”设计了劳动力市场城乡一体化指数，综合多种统计计量技术构建了具体的测量方法，测量了劳动力市场一体化的水平状态、结构特征及阶段演变，解决了现有研究大多基于局部判断的不足，对这一改革进展给出了全面的、连续的、科学的测评。研究表明：城镇劳动力市场城乡整合水平逐步趋于提高，整合指数从 2002年的0.5692上升到2013年的0.7745；整合水平的提高源自雇佣工资层面快速整合的贡献，社会保险层面没有显著变化，始终偏离“单一工资率”约10个百分点左右，而择业机会层面的整合程度最低，外来农民工实际报酬水平与“单一工资”水平的总偏离中近60%来自择业机会不平等，且择业机会层面的整合程度没有提高的迹象；如果进一步考虑工作条件负面影响的隐性不平等，则择业层面的整合程度实际上更低。进一步梳理我国劳动力市场城乡一体化各阶段政策，观察政策演变与一体化进程的协变关系，分析居住证制度对未来劳动力市场城乡整合推进的可能影响，我们看到：我国劳动力市场城乡整合是一个在政策制度的不断开放和调整中逐步推进的过程。居住证制度虽然实现了城乡劳动者名义权利的平等，但是长期以来城乡二元结构下农村劳动者人力资本积累不足，客观上制约着农村转移劳动者平等地申领获得居住证和持证平等地享有居住证所承载的各项权利，劳动力市场城乡整合仍需进一步持续推进。未来劳动力市场城乡一体化要重点关注择业机会和社会保障层面的权利平等，要从劳动者的人力资本积累着眼、从户籍以外的分配制度改革着手，推动农村劳动者人力资本水平的提升，实现真正的权利平等。