Galls are very common biological phenomenon in natural ecological system, and represent a remarkably close and complex associations between insects and plants. Family Cynipidae is one of important group among the insects of gall-making, which possess important position in phylogenical relationships of order Hymenoptera and become crucial group for linking parasitic wasps and herbivious wasps. It is quite difficult for controling pests cynipds because of hiddenly habitat in galls, and are provided with nutritive supply and protection.Because of living into small durable galls, they are weakly differentiation of morphology among some genera or species. For a long time, it is very difficult to identify them because of lacking of distinctly morphological diagnosis characteristics with extremely complicated biological features.Consequently, in order to perfection of classification and identification to them, we must comprehensively use other important features, such as, host plant, gall, larval morphology and DNA barcoding, and it is very necessary to carry out systematical taxonomy and revision of doubtful genera or species. The result of this study will definite the puzzled species of Cynipids based on characters above. Therefore, in this study, we will clarify the diagnostic characters and revision of genera or species of Cynipidae based on external morphology of adult and larvae, galls biological characters and DNA barcoding data. In view of these, the results are interesting and significant both science and practice.
虫瘿是自然界极常见的生物现象,凝聚着昆虫与植物间显著、复杂而密切的相互关系,瘿蜂科昆虫是造瘿昆虫的主要类群。瘿蜂栖息于完全封闭的寄主虫瘿内,高效截获植物营养而严重危害寄主植物,是农林常见害虫之一。因其高度隐蔽而防治难度大;此类昆虫因栖息于密封而微小的虫瘿特殊生境内而造成物种分化的形态差异微小,部分属和种间界限模糊,缺乏明显的形态识别特征,又因瘿蜂具有极为复杂的生物学特性,导致其分类鉴定难度加大,多数属种的分类地位较为混乱。鉴于此,为提高分类鉴定的精准性,除采用传统的成虫形态特征外,综合利用其他重要特征,如寄主植物、作瘿、幼虫形态和DNA条形码技术等新技术对疑难属种的进行系统分类与修订迫切而必要。通过本研究,将明确瘿蜂疑难属种类,订正其中错误,澄清其系统分类地位;最终为结合瘿蜂与寄主植物关系,揭示瘿蜂科昆虫的生物特性模式与演化,探讨互作与协同关系奠定基础。
瘿蜂科昆虫是菊科、蔷薇科、壳斗科、罂粟科、唇形花科、槭树科等重要资源植物的致瘿类害虫。该科幼虫栖息于完全封闭的虫瘿内,高效截取寄主营养而严重危害植物,是农林业常见害虫。因其高度隐蔽和危害时间长,所以防治难度极大;长期以来,因该类标本野外不易采集(常需通过饲养虫瘿获取),同种不同世代个体的生物学与形态变异较大,并且体相对较小,故此,该类昆虫的分类难度相对较大。目前,我国对该类昆虫的分类学研究极为薄弱,特别是对疑难属种的分类研究是世界性难题。而本文首次对中国瘿蜂科疑难属种进行了系统学研究。记述了瘿蜂科分类历史及中国研究的进展,并对部分疑难属种进行了全面、系统的分类整理。本文检查研究近年来通过野外采集虫瘿饲养获得和各单位借换获得的600余头标本,依据其寄主植物、虫瘿特性、昆虫形态,准确鉴定出部分瘿蜂科疑难属的瘿蜂种类,共鉴定出32种,其中包括,2新属,10新种,2新组合,3新记录属以及7中国新纪录种,它们分别隶属于2族10属。文中所有种作了比较详细的描述,分别介绍了其寄主植物种类、做瘿生物学、鉴别特征、分布等方面。各属均有属征、生物学及分布等部分,并编制了中国分属种检索表,并附有特征图。模式标本存于浙江农林大学昆虫模式标本室。.本研究首次将DNA条形码技术应用于我国瘿蜂科昆虫,基于COⅠ、COⅡ、28SrDNA基因序列以及联合数据集COⅠ+COⅡ+28SrDNA,对4属22种瘿蜂科昆虫进行碱基成分、种内及种间遗传距离、系统发育检验,运用邻接法、最大似然法、最小进化法等方法构建了瘿蜂科昆虫系统发育树。瘿蜂科昆虫系统发育树分析结果表明,客瘿蜂属为单系群,副客瘿蜂属为非单系群。瘿蜂族与客瘿蜂族间互为姐妹关系。基于最大似然法构建的系统发育树,属种间聚类结果明显,置信度较高,为瘿蜂科昆虫构建系统发育树的最有效方法。基于联合数据集构建的发育树,系统发育关系更清晰。因此,运用多方法的综合分类能达到更准确鉴定物种的目的。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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