基于三维声学超材料与压电效应的车-路耦合振动能量回收转化机理及沥青路面压电换能系统研究

Vibration is as a novel new energy, which can be converted into electricity. Present traffic status of our country for vehicle-road interaction provides a non-stop vibration energy source. Once it is efficiently converted into electrical energy, it can charge for hybrid cars and provide electricity for the traffic lights along the road, electrical and mechanical systems and industrial power, etc. Vehicle-road interaction makes the pavement to produce the vibration energy field with the complexity propagation and the arbitrary direction, and how to efficiently convert into electricity energy by road vibration, to achieve a real alternative with a clean, green renewable energy, and it is particularly difficult. In this project, a new idea that the road vibration energy is recovered and converted is proposed based on three-dimensional acoustic metamaterial and piezoelectric effect. Design and manufacturing method of three-dimensional metamaterial with adjustable converge wave band is studied, and energy propagation that vehicle-road interaction with different axle load, speed effected on asphalt pavement structure with different structural parameters is established. An integrating construction method faced to acoustic metamaterials and piezoelectric conversion system of asphalt pavement vibration energy for collecting and converting is explored. Theses will promote the development and application of asphalt pavement vibration energy, and give new functions for asphalt pavement, and facilitate the design and development of intelligent pavement.

振动作为一种新型的新能源，可通过转化产生电能。在我国现有交通量现状下，车-路耦合使路面形成了一个不停歇的振动能量源，一旦其被高效转化为电能，能为混合动力汽车充电，为公路沿线的交通指示灯、机电系统及工业用电等提拱电能。车-路耦合的不确定性引起的路面振动能量场具有传播的复杂性和方向的任意性，如何将路面振动能量高效的转化成电能，实现清洁的、环保的可再生能源真正替代，尤为困难。本项目以三维声学超材料与压电效应为基础，提出对路面振动能量先回收再转化的新思路，开展车-路耦合沥青路面振动能量回收转化机理及匹配的压电换能系统研究，研究汇聚波频段可调的三维超材料设计与制造方法，建立不同轴载、车速耦合作用在具有不同结构参数的沥青路面结构体中振动能量传播规律，探索面向沥青路面振动能量收集转化的声学超材料及压电换能系统一体化构建方法。推动沥青路面振动能源开发应用，为沥青路面赋予新的功能，促进智能路面的设计与发展。

在我国现有交通量现状下，行车载荷使路面形成了一个不停歇的振动能量源，一旦其被高效转化为电能，将具有广阔的应用前景。建立三维沥青路面动力学模型，研究荷载、车辆速度、路面弹性模量、温度的影响下沥青道路内部振动波传播规律，研究发现随着车速、荷载、弹性模量变大，振动传播范围变大；振动主要在振动源面层处，发现对应变能密度分布图中得出应变能密度集中在下面层处最优，大约离路面表层约10cm处，表明下面层处放置能量收集装置可获得最大效益。研究硅胶中加入不同含量高弹性模量介质材料对固化后硅橡胶的密度和弹性模量调节规律，发现微纳颗粒的陶瓷及金属粉末能线性调节弹性混合介质的密度和弹性模量；研究了二维和三维超材料的结构设计，实现3D打印快速制备三维声学超材料工艺。研究压电换能结构的优化设计，发现压电悬臂梁装置一阶固有模态随铅块高度、悬臂梁长度的增加而降低；随着压电陶瓷片厚度、基板厚度和悬臂梁宽度的增加而增加，并且悬臂梁的宽度对装置一阶固有模态的影响较小。应用设计的二维薄膜型超材料与压电结构构件一体化振动发电装置，在10-30hz振动下，单个装置实现0.5mv电压，为车载下路面振动转化电能提供了前景。