新型季磷盐电解质盐溶液热力学及其在超级电容中的应用

The complex interactions of ion-ion and ion-solvent in organic electrolyte solutions are very important, and they will determine the overall performance of supercapacitors. At present, the traditional electrolyte salts of supercapacitors can not meet people's expectations and requirements for the high specific capacity and high safety. In this research project, a series of new quaternary phosphonium salts have been designed and synthesized. The thermodynamic behavior of these quaternary phosphonium salts in organic electrolyte systems will be investigated by different experimental methods. The solvation, migration and diffusion behaviors of these quaternary phosphonium salts will be explored in organic electrolyte solution systems ( including single and mixed solvents). The law of the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions and other basic problems of solution chemistry in electrolyte solutions of quaternary phosphonium salt will be summarized carefully. Based on them, the improvement in flame retardancy performance of the new electrolyte and the compatibility between electrolyte and electrode will be also studied. These results will help to develop a new electrolyte solution with high performance and high safety, and improve the comprehensive performance of the supercapacitor.

电解质溶液中离子-离子和离子-溶剂等复杂的微观相互作用是决定电解液乃超级电容综合性能的根本所在。目前由传统电解质盐构成的有机电解液越来越不能满足人们对超级电容高比容量及高安全的期望和要求。本项目拟根据螺环季磷盐基本结构、离子尺寸大小以及磷元素阻燃特性，设计、合成多系列新型高性能季磷盐。拟采用多种手段考察季磷盐在有机电解液体系中热力学行为，探讨新型季磷盐在电解质溶液体系中（单一溶剂及多元混合溶剂）离子溶剂化、迁移、扩散、分子缔合及电解质溶液结构等基本问题，归纳不同离子尺寸及结构的季磷盐溶液新体系中离子溶剂化等热力学行为规律，获得对电解质溶液离子-溶剂和离子-离子等复杂相互作用的规律性的新认识；在此基础上，组装超级电容器，研究季磷盐新型电解液与活性炭电极的相容性、匹配性及其阻燃性能的改善，为开发高性能高安全超级电容电解质溶液新体系，提高超级电容综合性能提供一定的理论支持。

电解液中离子-溶剂和离子-离子等复杂的微观相互作用是决定电解液乃至电池性能的根本所在。目前由传统电解质盐构成的电解液越来越不能满足人们对高能电池高功率、高安全及低温的期望和要求。本项目拟根据季磷盐/季铵盐基本结构、离子尺寸大小以及磷元素阻燃特性，设计、合成12种新型季磷盐/季铵盐并对其合成方法及提纯方法进行探索研究，实现了小批量制备。采用多种手段（包括粘度、密度、电导等）考察了新型季磷盐/季铵盐在有机电解液体系中热力学行为，探讨了新型季磷盐/季铵盐在电解质溶液体系中(单一溶剂及多元混合溶剂)离子溶剂化、迁移、扩散、分子缔合及电解质溶液结构等问题，归纳了不同离子尺寸及结构的季磷盐/季铵盐溶液新体系中离子传输等热力学行为规律。在此基础上，组装超级电容器、锂离子电池、锂硫电池等高能电池器件，研究新型碳材料及电解液在高能电池体系的应用，为开发高性能高安全电解质溶液新体系及高能电池新体系提供一定的理论支持。