中国热区抗旱优质陆稻种质资源筛选与遗传多样性研究

The development of water-saving agriculture has important strategic significance under the situation of global warming, surge in the world's population and water shortages. Rice was the first crop of water consumption in the world, so cultivating new varieties with high yield, high grain qualitiy and drought resistance was especially important to human society. Upland rice production as one of the effective ways to alleviate water shortages under the situation of global warming and surge in the world's population has been increasingly valued by human. Therefore, research on screening and genetic diversity of upland rice germplasm resources is foundation to breed drought tolerant varieties and promote genetic improvement. Tropical zone in China provided valuable research materials for the excavation and utilization of crop drought resistance and excellent genes, which was the richest conservation area of upland rice resources and preserved a wealth of genetic resources. But in recent years due to the value of upland rice resources were underutilized, it resulted in incessant fearful seasonable decrease of upland rice planting acreage and damage of upland rice germplasm resources, loss of genetic diversity was serious. Therefore, the purpose of this study is collecting and screening germplasm resources and revealing genetic variation and characteristics of upland rice from tropical zone in china. We wish to provide some scientific theory reference for effective conservation and utilization of upland rice germplasm resources from tropical zone in china.

在全球气候变暖、世界人口急增、水资源日益短缺的背景下，发展节水农业具有重要的战略意义。水稻作为世界上耗水量最大的作物，培育高产优质抗旱的新品种便显得尤为重要。陆稻作为栽培稻中适应于干旱缺水条件的一种生态变异类型，因具有节水抗旱、米质优良、耐贫瘠、抗病能力强等诸多优点而日益受到人们的重视。开展陆稻抗旱优质种质资源筛选与遗传多样性研究是培育抗旱作物品种遗传改良和选育的重要基础。中国热区是目前我国陆稻资源保存最为丰富的区域，蕴藏了丰富的遗传资源，为作物抗旱及优异基因的挖掘利用提供了宝贵的研究材料。但近年来由于陆稻资源的价值未得到充分认识，导致其种植面积不断萎缩，种质资源遭到严重的破坏，遗传多样性流失严重。因此，本研究旨在抢救性地收集和筛选现阶段中国热区原生境中仍在使用的优良陆稻种质资源，利用分子生物学技术揭示其遗传变异规律及特性，以期对我国热区陆稻种质资源的有效保护与利用提供一些科学理论参。

本研究抢救性地收集保护了现阶段中国热区原生境中仍在使用的及国外的优良陆稻种质资源500余份共251余个品种（品系），并对其中大部分进行抗旱性综合评价与米质鉴定，筛选出了20份适用于我国热区稻作农业生态环境且具有优良品质、丰产性强的陆稻品种资源；探讨了陆稻体内生理生化指标在水分胁迫条件下的动态变化规律以及这些指标与品种抗旱性之间的关系；利用SSR分子标记及InDel分子标记揭示了所筛选出品种的遗传变异规律及其特性，以期对我国热区陆稻种质资源的有效保护与利用提供一些科学理论参考。