新型城镇化进程中农村转移劳动力自我雇佣与市民化互动机制研究

In the era of reform and open policy deepening and new urbanization process advancing in China, acquiring urban citizenship (obtaining urban Hukou, social security and equal right as the urban citizens) for the rural to urban migrant workers becomes a great challenge and crucial problem in education circle and city administration. This project stresses that employment is the basis of migrant rural workers' survival. Only they obtain a job with high payment, can they dare to consume, buy house and settle down in cities, and become urban citizens gradually. On the other hand, we explore if migrants were granted urban citizenship, can their employment condition be improved or not. We focus on the status of self-employment, as this status has become increasingly popular and common among the migrants in China in recent years. In 2012 the self-employment rate of rural-to-urban migrants in China is 33 percent (National Population and Family Planning Commission, 2012). On the other hand, this group is often ignored by the city labor administration and lack of study on their citizenship achievement. We establish a systemic measures of citizenship, including the citizen aspiration (willingness to settle down in city), citizen capability (the migrant income, the time length of staying in city), citizen style, citizen condition (obtaining Hukou, social security, house, education), and citizenship self-assessment (civic participation, identity) and link them to self-employment. This project aims to speed the citizenship process from the perspective of interaction mechanisms of self-employment opportunity and citizenship, exploring the influencing mechanism and making some empirical tests, evaluating the cost and benefit of two mechanisms, leading to different policy implication: spontaneous urbanization and citizenship from bottom to upper or state-sponsored urbanization and citizenship from upper to bottom,or a combination of both? This project stresses on the importance of spontaneous and self-employment driven urbanization and citizenship from bottom to upper. Using advanced econometric methods, we evaluate the employment impact of different citizenship reforms in different areas.

随着我国改革开放的深入和新型城镇化进程的推进，解决农村转移人口市民化问题越来越迫切。课题强调就业是市民化的重要途径，通过就业选择和劳动收入机制的完善，为农民工市民化奠定基础。同时考察市民化政策对就业和创业的反向影响：农民工市民化后，其就业会产生怎样的改善。课题主要考察自我雇佣这一重要就业形式（2012年农民工自我雇佣的比例为33% (国家人口和计生委, 2012)），因为这一就业群体经常被忽视，对其市民化缺乏深入研究。课题构建市民化的指标体系，包括市民化的意愿、能力、方式、实际状况以及主观评价，并与自我雇佣建立联系。重点分析自我雇佣和市民化的互动机制，并深入剖析其影响机理和进行实证检验，估算两种机制的成本和收益，给出不同的政策含义：是自发的市民化还是政府主导的市民化，抑或两者有机结合？课题强调自发的以自我雇佣驱动的市民化，并运用科学的计量方法，对不同地区市民化改革的就业效果进行评价。

解决农业转移人口的市民化问题是我国经济改革和发展面临的重大问题，本课题强调就业是市民化的关键，通过就业选择和劳动收入机制的完善，可以为农民工市民化奠定基础。课题关注自我雇佣农民工这一群体，原因在于其在农民工就业总体中占比已经超过30%，但这一就业群体经常被当前的市民化政策忽视。而创新和创业是中国未来经济发展的重要动力。..课题构建市民化的指标体系，包括市民化意愿、市民化能力、自我评价等，重点分析自我雇佣和市民化的互动机制，即自我雇佣的农民工是否能够通过其收入和经济地位的提高，实现社会融入和市民化；另一方面，农民工实现市民化后，其就业状态会发生怎样的改变，是否会弱化其创新和创业精神。课题进一步分析了影响机制，并估计两种路径（从自我雇佣到市民化和从市民化到自我雇佣）的成本和收益，并给出不同的政策含义：是自发的市民化还是政府主导的市民化，抑或是两者的有机结合。..研究发现自我雇佣的农民工虽然收入较高，住房条件较好，但由于社会保障覆盖较低，且在户籍获得方面受到歧视，与工资获得者相比，其长期定居和市民化意愿不是很高。而从流动人口数据看，有本地城镇户籍的流动人口更有可能从事自我雇佣活动，说明通过户籍改革可以带动流动人口的创业热情。其中的影响机制在于城镇户籍的获得可以稳定其未来就业和创业的预期，也能减少在正规金融部门申请贷款方面的歧视。..因此，政策上要给予自我雇佣农民工更多的支持，将更多的自我雇佣农民工纳入社会保障体系，在落户条件上，给予其企业家精神充分的肯定和权重，以鼓励其通过自身力量实现市民化。同时，户籍改革要从有利于促进创业的角度入手，缩小本地户籍和外地户籍之间的差距，实行更大范围内的社会保障可携带的户籍制度，以促进劳动力流动和创新创业。