碳/铜基受电弓滑板复合材料多碳组元设计与界面调控

With the rapid extension of China’s high-speed rail network and the continuous refresh of speed record, higher request to the comprehensive performances of the pantograph slide materials used in high-speed trains has been put forward. Carbon/copper based slide plate requires mutual coordination among high conductivity, good friction-reducing and abrasion resistance, and excellent impact strength in use. However, the inverse relationship among the three performances that cannot be balanced has always been headache in academia and industry. In this project, the worm-like graphene component is introduced in the graphite/carbon fiber/copper composite system, and the system design and controllable preparation of the graphite (graphene)/carbon fiber/copper slipper composites will be achieved by optimizing the multiple carbon components and adjusting the interface structure. The effect of component, preparation parameter, and sintering process on the interface bonding behavior of carbon/copper composites and their regulating characteristics are investigated systematically. The kinetics mechanism of in-situ synthesis graphene/copper component will be revealed. Moreover, the effect of carbon/copper interface characterization on the comprehensive performance matching of composites will be illustrated. The project can provide a theoretical basis for the development of carbon/copper based pantograph slide which is suitable for industrial application, in order to meet the demands of materials with structural and functional performances synchronously for the development of high-speed trains.

随着我国高铁网络的迅猛扩展及时速记录的不断刷新，对高铁受电弓滑板材料的综合性能提出了越来越高的要求。碳/铜基滑板在使用过程中要求高导电性、高减摩耐磨性和良好抗冲击强度相互配合。一直以来，三者性能无法兼顾的倒置矛盾关系始终困扰着学术界和产业界。本项目在石墨/碳纤维/铜复合材料体系中引入蠕虫状石墨烯组元，通过多碳组元优化和界面结构调控，实现石墨（烯）/碳纤维/铜滑板复合材料的体系设计和可控制备。系统研究成分组元、制备参数、烧结工艺等对碳/铜基复合材料界面结合行为的调控规律，揭示石墨烯/铜合成动力学机制和碳/铜界面特征对复合材料综合性能匹配的影响规律。本研究为开发适合于工业应用的碳/铜基受电弓滑板材料提供理论依据，以期满足高铁发展对结构功能一体化材料的需求。

本项目通过多碳组元优化和界面结构调控，实现石墨（烯）/碳纤维/铜滑板复合材料的体系设计和可控制备。针对石墨、碳纤维和石墨烯三种不同形态碳组元的结构特点，探索各自表面修饰处理和合金化的最优方式，并制备了不同体系的Ct-Cu复合材料，对复合材料的物理、力学和摩擦学性能进行了测试，对微观结构进行了表征。项目得到了以下主要结论：(1) 对分层鳞片石墨进行化学镀铜处理形成一种夹心三明治结构的鳞片石墨，这种结构使鳞片石墨在摩擦材料中被金属铜呈交错状固定在基体中，有效的提高了石墨与基体的结合强度和复合材料的力学性能；(2) 在碳纤维表面施加Cu+Ni双镀层，相较于施加Cu或Ni的单镀层碳纤维，不仅可以保护碳纤维同时可以提高碳纤维与镀层之间的结合强度；(3) 以一步原位还原法制备 Cu@RGO粉末，方法简便且还原出的金属粒子无其他杂质峰，可较均匀的分布在石墨烯片层结构中，抑制石墨烯的团聚，也可改善铜与石墨烯的界面结合，负载金属粒子的石墨烯增强铜基复合材料硬度、致密度均优于未负载金属的石墨烯组试样且具有良好的摩擦磨损性能。本研究为开发适合于工业应用的碳/铜基受电弓滑板材料提供理论依据，以期满足高铁发展对结构功能一体化材料的需求。