作物根区液肥斜置旋转式扎穴施肥机构创新设计与机理研究

In order to reduce environmental pollution of the liquid fertilizer, improve the utilization rate of liquid fertilizer and increase crop yield. This project puts forward diagonally prick hole fertilizing way and its implementation mechanisms based on the characteristics of dry field environment and deep into liquid fertilizer agronomic requirements, by applying part parameters reverse design method for optimizing pricking hole trajectory in the process of spray fertilizer injection entering in and out of soil. In addition to solving the kinematics optimization problem that pricking hole mechanism for the diagonal way not only meet moving trajectory of picking hole but also it has met posture requirements of spray fertilizer injection in multi-variables and multi-objectives condition. So as to study kinematics and dynamics model of non-circular gears planetary system explicit dynamic theory is applied in order to describe the coupling principle of pricking hole mechanism and soil on ANSYS platform quantitatively. It has revealed the destruction of crops soil deformation and multiphase medium coupling rule, it has also ascertained the main reason that soil affect the size of the hole in the process that pricking hole mechanism finish work. In order to determine the optimal oblique angle of mechanism contact with the crop and solve the pricking hole mechanism that does not hurt crops a diagonal pricking hole was applied by studying the mechanical properties of the corn crop. The study not only solved the small hole and fertilization technology problem of pricking hole mechanism but it has also provided important theoretical basis and design basis for the development of other mechanisms like touch soil. It has promoted development and application of deep into liquid fertilizer technology in China.

为了减少化肥对环境造成的污染，提高液态肥的利用率，增加作物产量，本项目根据旱田环境特点和深施液态肥农艺要求，提出了斜置式扎穴施肥的作业方式以及其实现机构，应用局部参数反求设计方法着重对喷肥针在入土与出土过程中的扎穴轨迹进行优化，解决斜置式扎穴机构同时满足扎穴动轨迹和喷肥针姿态要求的多目标、多变量运动学优化难题，从而研究建立形成这种扎穴轨迹的非规则齿轮行星系运动学与动力学模型。应用显式动力学理论在ANSYS平台上定量描述扎穴施肥部件与土壤互馈耦合机理，揭示作物破坏、土壤变形及多相介质耦合规律，探明在机构完成扎穴过程中进一步影响穴口大小的主要原因。应用斜置式扎穴方式，通过对玉米作物力学特性的研究，确定轨迹与作物接触的最优斜置角度，解决扎穴机构不伤作物难题。本项目的实施不仅可以解决穴口小和施肥技术难题，也可为其他触土部件的研发提供重要理论基础和设计依据，促进我国深施液态技术发展与应用。

为了减少化肥对环境造成的污染，提高液态肥的利用率，增加作物产量。本项目以液态肥扎穴施肥机构为研究载体，针对喷肥针扎穴轨迹、运作姿态存在多目标、多变量交互运动学优化以及针体与土壤互作机理不明确问题，开展相关研究工作。主要研究内容与重要结果包括：①基于三次拉格朗日曲线高精度拟合特性，构建了斜置旋转式非规则齿轮行星系扎穴施肥机构逆运动学模型，编写了运动学优化分析软件，获得了满足针体扎穴轨迹与姿态要求的扎穴施肥机构结构参数。②运用动态静力学方法进行动力学建模与分析，编写了动力学分析软件，解析了机构运作过程中各关键位置的变化规律。③根据Drucker-Prager屈服准则，构建了针体—土壤互作有限元模型，阐明了针体运动—土壤变形耦合机理，揭示了穴体形成机制。④进行了机构台架与整机田间试验，台架结果表明机构性能优越，验证了理论模型的正确性。整机田间试验表明，机具工作稳定、可靠性高，检测结果为作业速度2.4km/h，施肥深度102mm，穴口宽度45mm，施肥量28.5ml/次，施肥均匀性变异系数9%，作物损伤率0.3%。本项目研究内容、方法与结果可为液态肥穴施肥机提供重要的理论基础和设计依据，机构创新优化与触土部件—土壤耦合方法将促进耕作、移栽和播种等技术与装备的发展，具有重要的科学意义与实际应用价值。. 项目研究成果在国内外本领域期刊上发表学术论文11篇，其中SCI/EI收录10篇；申请专利8项，授权发明专利3项，授权实用新型专利2项；获得软件著作权1件；出具机具检验报告1份；荣获黑龙江省技术发明类一等奖1项；培养毕业博士2名，毕业硕士1名，在读硕士生1名。其中一名博士荣获“黑龙江省普通本科高校创新人才”称号。